Fixed Wireless

The last of the four linking methods is actually another version of home Wi-Fi technology.With fixed wireless or point-to-point DSL, a high-frequency radio signal replaces ground cables, but the signal is focused on a line of sight between two directional antennas.

To connect in this way you will need an antenna on the roof of your house or business that measures roughly one foot high and two feet wide. From this antenna you must have an unobscured line of sight to a fixed wireless access point that is within range.

Alignment is not as critical as with satellite antennas, but it will still have to be done by a servicepeson with special test equipment. Somehow someone will have to run wires from the roof down into a central access point in your house that provides a standard RJ-45 cable link to your internal network.

You will have to distribute connectivity from there, perhaps with a hub or Wi-Fi access point. Latency is negligible, equal to wired networks, and overall performance is usually good as well, with a typical service target of 1.5 Mbps for the downstream and 128 Kbps for the upstream.

As with cable DSL, wDSL subscribers must share the capacity of a given access point, unlike Telco DSL, in which each subscriber has his or her own line back to a CO. It is possible for wireless to get slow during periods of heavy traffic, especially if the channel has been overbooked.

AT&T’s version includes voice over IP (VoIP) telephone service for $80 per month. Sprint gives you data only for prices equivalent to wired DSL. As with satellites, fixed wireless is handy for connecting businesses or communities that do not have alternatives.

Some have started as grassroots endeavors by individuals in data-starved communities who have banded together in order to set up and share connectivity to the Internet. They share the wireless pipeline to an out-of-town access point.

TCP Congestion Control Model

As an example of a network performance study, consider the TCP congestion control algorithm over a wireless link in which a host station A sends data to another host station B. Due to transmission interference and high incidence of errors in wireless communication, assume that every n th transmission from host A is lost (or corrupted).

For example, if n is 4 and A transmits sequences 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, then the transmission numbers 4 and 8 will be dropped by the data-link layer. A limits the amount of data it sends, using the TCP slow start and congestion avoidance mechanisms. However, it does not implement fast retransmit or fast recovery.

We make the following assumptions in our simulation:

1. Headers and ACKs are of size 0.
2. The round trip time (RTT), which is set by the user, is preset to 1 s.
3. The retransmission time-out is set to RTT + 0.01 s.
4. The data in each frame is 1 KB.
5. The link bandwidth is 100 KB/s.
6. There are no other losses besides the ones mentioned above (however, every n th frame is lost irrespective of whether it is the original transmission or a retransmission).
7. B sends an ACK for every frame it receives but may send cumulative ACKs for previously buffered frames.
8. B has buffer space to advertise infinite receiver window.
9. The congestion window (cwnd) at A does not increase when a duplicate ACK is received.

A “simjava” simulation toolkit is used for building the model. 4â€"5 It is based on a discrete event simulation kernel and includes facilities for representing simulation objects as animated icons on screen.

The model contains a number of entities, each of which runs in parallel in its own thread. An entity’s behavior is encoded in Java, using its body() method. Entities have access to a small number of simulation primitives that can be used effectively to schedule events, wait for events, hold the entity, and create animation and traces.

Using the model, traffic properties of wireless networks are modeled, and an error scenario using TCP congestion control mechanism is shown. The throughput for the simulated traffic was observed to be around 4.5 frames/s during the simulated time of about 4 s when cwnd = 8 and sthresh = 300.

Hunting for Hosting

Now that you understand the difference between the various sorts of hosting you can purchase, you're ready to start looking for a host for your website. There are many different places you can look for information about hosting companies and hosting plans.

Of course, you can visit Google and search for cPanel hosting to find some web hosts, but just because a host appears near the top of the search results does not mean that it will be the best host for your needs.

Finding the right host requires a good deal of research and perhaps even a bit of luck. There are so many web hosts that it is impossible to compare them all. A good general starting place is Web Hosting Talk (often referred to as WHT). This forum is one of the busiest web hosting-related sites on the Internet and it attracts many web hosts and customers.

For example, if you are looking for shared hosting, a good place to start is the shared hosting advertising area. You can also sign up for a free account and talk to others about web hosting and web hosts. If you are looking for an answer to a particular question you should always try to use the search feature first before posting, since your question may have already been answered.

If you find a web hosting with a plan that looks interesting, do a search and see what others think of that host. If you find a web host with a very cheap plan but you find that there are a lot of negative comments about it, then you might want to consider finding another host.

Another place to go if you are looking for cPanel web hosting is to cPanel Inc.'s own forum. In the Ads and Offers area there are a number of web hosts who post specials. Once you've tracked down a few hosts that offer plans you are interested in you'll want to find a site where you can compare those hosts to find the best one for your needs.

One such site is findmyhosting.com. Here you will find articles on a number of web hosting-related topics as well as an extensive database comparing many hosts and their hosting plans.

Not only can you find hosting plans based on how much you are willing to pay, but you can also search based on a wide variety of other criteria such as where the web host is located, the standard features they offer and even how well actual customers rate them.

Although most sites like this do not allow you to search based on the type of hosting control software used, if you already have a short list of possibilities, you can compare these hosts to fine-tune your selection.

Networking over Electrical Wiring

As with DSL and phone-line networking, power-line technology uses your existing AC wiring as a transport for a data carrier frequency. Power-line networks use an exclusive set of radio frequencies that won’t interfere with remote-controlled on-off switches.

The raw data rate is about 20 Mbps, but error correction and other overhead subtracts from that, leaving an actual rate of about 14 Mbps. It won’t affect your electric bill and it’s even more convenient than using phone lines, because you probably have empty electrical outlets all over your house.

The hardware typically consists of an adapter that attaches to the computer, usually through the parallel port or a USB connector, and a proprietary interface that plugs into the AC outlet. The adapter will have its own surge protection built in.You will need one adapter/interface set for each PC you intend to connect.

As with Wi-Fi, privacy is a concern with this technology. The signal can migrate through the incoming power lines to other nearby homes. It will not jump an electrical distribution transformer to the world at large, but as many as six other homes may be tied into a single distribution leg, and more than that may exist in an apartment complex.

The power-line standard, however, does include packet encryption. Power lines are even noisier than the telephone lines described and are extremely noisy under the best of circumstances. They change constantly too, as customers plug in some appliances and remove others.

Some of the devices being powered are inherently noisy by themselves, such as fluorescent lights, switching power supplies, and dimmer switches. The circuit breakers in power panels are signal sponges.

HomePlug technology deals with the hostile data environment by adapting to changing conditions, pushing high throughput on some channels, and slowing down on others to plow through noise. Also, it uses thorough error detection and automatic repeat requests (ARQs) to ensure that the line appears reliable to the driving software.

The HomePlug specification uses the same Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) that is used in the newer 802.11a Wi-Fi networking standard. Basically, the HomePlug specification works by sending most of the data on the clearest of 84 channels (between 4.3 to 20.9 MHz), dynamically shifting data to alternates if some of them become swamped with noise.

The data signal has no effect on your home’s electricity, which is immensely more powerful. The age of the wiring in a house does not appear to be a factor. The software will automatically detect your plugged-in nodes.

Adapters are available to provide printer sharing, and routers are available for interfacing multiple home PCs to a single Internet link. Many adapters have AC sockets built in, so that you won’t lose a place to plug in a desk lamp when you plug in an adapter. Depending on the brand, the resulting networks can be client/server or peer to peer.

The advantages for using your power lines for networking are as follows:

• You already have multiple AC outlets in every room.
• It won’t interfere with other home networking technologies.
• It’s cheap.
• It works the world over, even on older wiring.
• It’s easy to install.
• It’s easy to add more nodes.

Before you buy it, make certain that it has been tested as conforming to the specifications of the HomePlug Powerline Alliance. As with the Wi-Fi Alliance and the HomePNA organizations, the Powerline Alliance conducts tests to guarantee interoperability between manufacturers.

Gateway Deployment Strategies

At the basic network level, gateways are viewed as servers or end-systems. But gateways create their own overlay networks and may be involved in ISO level 2 and level 3 routing. The use of gateways can greatly complicate problems of network management.

Their deployment should be carefully considered within a comprehensive network coverage and security strategy. The main reason for using a wireless security gateway is that intruders may gain access through an insecure wireless access point and mount an attack on the internal network.

As indicated earlier, 802.11b, Bluetooth, and WAP are all potentially insecure. Access points with stronger security are possible using Cisco or 802.1x protocols. Typically, a large site or campus, will need many access points for good coverage.

The cost of numerous high-end access points and the problem of managing them, especially when they are not all from the same vendor, is a major concern. A common strategy is to use simple (“thin”) access points and put one or more security gateways between all wireless access points and the wired network.

Then, even if anyone can establish a connection to an access point, they will be challenged at the gateway. The gateway might use IPSec, VPN, or LDAP encryption and authentication. Cisco also has LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) which they are pushing as PEAP (Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol) for a standard.

There are several products that include SSL VPNs and gateways [Ave04]. Several strategies are available to ensure that access points connect only to a gateway. Access points could be physically wired on a separate subnet, where gateways provide the only bridge to the main wired network.

Over a large area, the need to maintain two wired networks, one for access points, may be impractical. Multiple smaller networks can be used, each with its own gateway. Multiple gateways can share a common, central management tool â€" like CA or HP OpenView.

They may also be arranged in master/slave relationships, i.e., for configuration and fail-over. Another alternative is to use access points that VPN tunnel to a single gateway, using the regular wired network as the transport medium. Gateways can grant different users different levels of trust.

The easiest way to set this up is to differentiate users by their IP address, and grant different levels of service (i.e., bandwidth) and different kinds of access (i.e., specific protocols like FTP [File Transfer Protocol] and HTTP, and specific destination hosts) using ISO level 2 (IP address) and level 3 (protocol type) filtering.

Access classes can be grouped by role, and identified by predefined ranges of IP addresses. By grouping IP addresses, the IP address can also be used to distinguish between wired and wireless clients, e.g., to deliver content appropriate to small or large screens, or to put a WAP service behind the gateway or firewall.

Other parameters, such as signal strength will be harder to expose. Basing access privilege on statically assigned IP addresses makes systems difficult to manage and upgrade. Imagine having to change thousands of statically assigned IP addresses to accommodate a new access policy.

A better approach uses DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) and MAC addresses. The DHCP servers are configured with fixed MAC to IP address mappings which are much easier to maintain and can be upgraded as needed.

The dynamically assigned IP address serves as a kind of token to gain specific levels of access. To hide these IP addresses from snoops, use one of the newer (or evolving) standards for level 2 encryption in the client and access point (i.e., Tunneled Transport Layer Security).

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Into the Fast Lane

Although a home wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) network can easily interconnect home-based PCs, the main attraction of having a PC is the wealth of information just a few clicks away on the Internet.

News, weather, sports, email, research, long-distance gaming, businessâ€"these are only a few of the reasons to want your home net to be an extension of the World Wide Web. After a high-capacity broadband line is completed to your home, you may distribute data from it to several PCs.

According to researchers at the Pew Internet and American Life Project, users who forsake slow telephone modems for broadband access:

• Create more content for other web users. On a typical day, 16 percent of broadband users update their web site or post to web diaries or chat rooms, for example. Only 3 percent of dial-up users create content on the average day.
• Learn more. Eighty-six percent of broadband users say that the Internet has improved their ability to learn new things, as compared with 73 percent of dial-up users.
• Go online more often than dial-up users. Eighty-two percent of broadband users are online on a given day, compared to 58 percent of dial-up users.
• Shop online. Thirty-one percent of broadband users say the Internet has reduced the amount of time they spend shopping in stores.
• Work from home. One-third of broadband users telecommute occasionally. Fifty-eight percent of broadband users who telecommute say they spend more time working at home because of the Internet.
• Surf more. On a typical day, a broadband user does about seven online activities (such as news, healthcare, or hobby surfing). By contrast, dial-up users do three Internet activities on the average day.
• Use the Internet to study. When asked about their most recent major school report, 71 percent of teenagers with Internet access said they relied upon Internet sources the most in completing the project. That compares to 24 percent who said they relied on library sources the most (according to Pew Internet Project’s Broadband report).

DSL, from whatever source, is billed at a fixed price monthly, most often without regard to actual usage. Exceptions occur, which we will explain later, but usually your bill will be the same whether you just pick up your email or “surf ‘till you drop.”

After you have your broadband line, you can use it any time night or day, and see any or all parts of the Internet. You won’t have to log on because even if your ISP requires a username and password, they will be supplied automatically. No modern business would expect their employees to function effectively without Internet access.

Naturally, those of us who work from home can be more productive with a dedicated wide area network (WAN) line. It follows that homeowners and apartment dwellers can benefit from the knowledge and communication available on the Web as well. Broadband is more widely available to residential users and less expensive than ever before.

Presently, four methods are available for bringing the Internet to your doorstep. Your choice will depend first on their availability and then, if you have more than one choice, on price:

• Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), which uses a highfrequency signal impressed onto your telephone line
• Cable DSL, riding unused channel space on your cable TV line
• Satellite DSL, which uses the same link as satellite TV, only bidirectionally
• Wireless DSL (wDSL), which is long-distance Wi-Fi

All the previous methods have some characteristics in common, and regardless of the media used to transport it, DSL is sometimes referred to as ADSL.

Web Hosting Types

There are several different kinds of web hosting options, and it is important to understand the difference between them before you begin looking for a host. The most common type of web hosting (and generally the cheapest) is Shared Hosting. Shared Hosting means that there are many websites hosted on a single web server.

A web server is a special computer that handles storing and displaying websites. For most people who are looking to host a website for the first time or those who are concerned about the cost, shared hosting is the best choice. Since many websites are served from a single machine, the costs are generally lower than other hosting options.

Costs vary from 0 to 40 USD per month on average. However, shared hosting does have some drawbacks. The more sites a web server hosts, the more likely it is that your website may react sluggishly, since there are many demands on the web server.

If you decide to purchase a shared web hosting account, you should ask your host what kind of hardware they host accounts on. Faster machines with more RAM are preferable. For example, a Dual Xeon CPU server with 2 GB of RAM will generally perform better than an old single Celeron CPU server with 512 MB of RAM.

Just as important as knowing the server hardware, is getting a sense of how many shared hosting accounts your host will put on a server before considering it fullâ€"the fewer, the better. The next type of web hosting is often referred to as Reseller Hosting.

This is similar to shared hosting, except that you are allowed to resell shared hosting accounts to others. Reseller hosting allows you to start your own web hosting business. The average cost of a reseller hosting plan tends to fall between 20 and 60 USD a month.

For those people who want to start a web hosting business but who do not have money for a VPS or dedicated server, reseller hosting is a good choice. The drawback is that like shared hosting, there may be many reseller hosting accounts on a server, each with many resold accounts.

Knowing more about what kind of web server you will be hosted on is important. On servers that contain resellers, the actual number of shared hosting accounts may vary widely, depending on how many accounts each reseller has. Many hosts do not require that you actually resell accounts if you buy a reseller plan.

If so, then it is a good step-up from standard shared hosting since you can typically host many domains under a single reseller account with no extra fees involved. In addition, you get more control over the domains you manage in a reseller plan.

Some hosts will also offer VPS/VDS hosting and perhaps even Dedicated Servers. VPS (Virtual Private Server) and VDS (Virtual Dedicated Server) hosting are different names for the same type of hosting accounts. Such accounts use special software to take a single physical web server and divide it into two or more separate virtual web servers.

Each virtual server acts as if it is a completely separate machine. Each virtual machine gets a guaranteed amount of the physical server resources including use of the CPU and disk space. VPS/VDS accounts have many of the advantages of dedicated servers without the higher cost.

A VPS/VDS account may cost from 30 to 120 USD a month on average. If you purchase a dedicated server, you receive an entire web server with no other accounts on it. Most of the time dedicated servers also permit you system administrator access (which allows you complete control over the server). Dedicated servers on average cost between 100 and 500 USD a month.

Gateway Server Security

Gateways are devices that control the flow of traffic into or out of a network. Although definitions differ, for this context a gateway can be thought of as a device that passes packets between subnets (real or virtual), and performs operations above OSI layer 3 (session, flow control, protocol conversion, and application specific).

Gateways can also be the source of vulnerabilities. Gateways are important to wireless networks and mobile wireless devices for several reasons:

• Wireless networks do not afford the same physical levels of security as wired networks. Due to resource constraints, mobile wireless devices are themselves often less secure than wired devices. Wireless security gateways can protect a wired network from untrusted wireless hosts.

Unlike firewalls, for which hosts are either “inside the firewall” or “outside the firewall,” the distinction between inside and outside is somewhat blurred for mobile wireless devices. A company’s trusted workers may need “inside” kinds of connectivity while using wireless devices.

Conversely, visitors may need “outside” kinds of connectivity while connecting to the company’s wired network through an access point inside the corporate firewall. Wireless security gateways address these issues by performing two-way authentication and limiting access privileges on a per-device basis.

• Mobile wireless devices often have limited resources that cannot support the same protocols as wired devices. They may therefore use resource-sharing protocols which must be translated in a protocol gateway to enable interaction with standard Internet protocol services.

For example, a WAP gateway translates protocols in the WAP suite, including WML (HTML), WML Script (CGI), WBMP BMP), WBXML (XML), WSP (HTTP), WTP (TCP/IP), WTLS (SSL), and WDP (UDP).

These kinds of translation pose security issues both because the wireless protocols are often less secure than the corresponding wired protocols and because, in translation, encrypted data takes an unencrypted form inside the gateway.

• Wireless devices often exist on subnets that do not support the full Internet addressing scheme. For example devices may use IP addresses [ipv] reserved for local access only, or otherwise not support all of the capabilities needed for WAN access.

Gateways can provide a bridge between these local subnets and a broader WAN, (i.e., Internet). Common small office home office (SOHO) wireless switches provide NAT to allow local devices to all access the Internet using a single IP address.

Similarly, a Personal Mobile Gateway with WAN connectivity like GSM or GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) can allow Bluetooth, 802.11, or 802.15 devices on a PAN (Personal Area Network) to have full Internet connectivity. The fact that devices behind a NAT gateway do not have unique IP addresses has implications for some security strategies (i.e., IPSEC-AH).

• Mobile wireless devices may be involved in various sorts of commerce, such as M-commerce and downloading multimedia streams with digital rights. Depending on how you look at it, wher e conflicting privacy and ownership interests come into play, “trusted gateways” can bridge the no man’s land, or encapsulate the overlap as a trusted third party.

This space is an area of active research and is, as yet, not as well defined as the other gateway functions. Issues here are closely tied to digital rights management. See for example the Shibboleth project.

The Internet was built on “transparency” and the “end-to-end principle.” Roughly stated, transparency “refers to the original Internet concept of a single universal logical addressing scheme, and the mechanisms by which packets may flow from source to destination essentially unaltered.”

The end-to-end principle holds that functions of data transmission other than transport, such as data integrity and security, are best left to the transmission endpoints, themselves. This allows applications to be ignorant of the transport mechanisms, and transport systems to be ignorant of the data being transported. Gateways, by their nature, violate one or both of these principles.

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Gateway Services Security

Any system granting access to clients should include a separate method for authenticating the user. MAC addresses can be spoofed. The gateway may provide its own authentication service, or act as a proxy for a remote authentication service available elsewhere on the network.

Various authentication services can serve this function, including RADIUS and Windows Active Directory. Using an underlying operating system’s authentication may allow the user to log in to both the network and a machine with a single sign-in. 802.1x proposes this approach.

A “captive portal” directs every http request from a not yet authenticated user to the authentication service (and blocks all other types of requests). There are situations where wireless clients are not capable of performing a standard authentication behavior. Sensors on a shop floor or in a wireless automotive network might be examples.

In these cases, with very limited privileges, statically assigned access may be justified. But the security implications must be carefully considered and strong encryption should be used. Roaming is another issue that gateways can address.

Roaming users may move out of range of their current access point and into range of several alternative access points. Handover delays may affect streaming applications like Voice-over-IP (VoIP) and video. Secure access points might require the user to be re-authenticated, while gateways offer other options.

The 802.11 Fast Roaming Study Group and 802.21 working group are looking for standard ways to address roaming, as is a partnership among Proxim, Avaya, and Motorola. WAP devices use WTLS instead of SSL, due to the assumed WAP client’s resource constraints.

The basic WAP configuration involves a WAP gateway that translates between the various WAP protocols and the corresponding Internet protocols. The WAP gateway translates between WTLS and SSL by decrypting the message as it comes in and then re-encrypting it in the other protocol before passing it on.

Decrypting the message in the WAP gateway is only one of many WTLS vulnerabilities. Better security can be achieved by using an encryption protocol in the layer above WTLS/SSL that works directly between the client and server endpoints. PKI-based encryption is the logical candidate for end-to-end encryption, e.g., for M-Commerce applications.

But PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) is resource intensive. The special processing could be handled by a SIM (Subscriber Identification Module) or WIM (WAP Identity Module) smartcard, but smartcards add cost to small devices.

Research is currently underway to use a remote server to perform the heavy processing part of the RSA/ECC algorithm implementation, while still holding all key parameters in secrecy by the client.

Resource overhead for even basic internet connectivity can be an issue for very small devices, such as those imagined for wearable and ubiquitous computing. A special class of gateway, called personal mobile gateway (PMG), has WAN capability (e.g., GSM/GPRS) and shares it with other little devices with PAN connectivity (i.e., Bluetooth, 802.11, 802.15).

The delegation can be general, or specific to the type of applications needed (SMS [Smart Messaging System], voice, digital photos, video, etc.) Security issues at this level are beyond the scope of this discussion. Government wireless installations are required to meet the National Institute of Standards and Technology Federal Information Processing Standard NIST FIPS 140-2 standard for cryptographic modules.

RADIUS does not meet this standard. For such applications a FIPS 140-2 compliant gateway and corresponding authentication server software must be used. The physical vulnerability of gateways in unattended locations may also need to be addressed.

By encasing the gateway’s circuitry in a special hardened plastic security potting resin, any attempt at physical tampering will be easily recognized. In any discussion of security and gateways the limitations of gateways must be emphasized. Gateways form part of a perimeter defense for wired networks.

They do not solve the vulnerability of any network to insiders with malicious intent. In addition, while the gateway strategy addresses the threat to the network from malicious wireless devices, it doesn’t protect wireless devices from malicious access points.

Satellite DSL

One Internet connection path that’s almost always available to you is the one in the sky. Satellite television services offered by DirecPC and Starband offer Internet access through their high-orbit outposts via the same technology that gas stations have been using to report your purchases when you insert a credit card at the pump. (You may have noticed that most filling stations sport a meter-wide, oval, skyward-pointing dish these days.)

That’s the same kind of expensive parabolic antenna that you will need on your roof, which counts as a disadvantage. In the past, satellite providers relied heavily on the asymmetric service scheme, because users actually used earthbound telephone lines to uplink their requests to the Internet.

Only the downlink data came literally down from space. Some users still do it this way, though providers are prodding them to upgrade to a genuine two-way link by citing many of the disadvantages that former telephone modem users are familiar with.

Because two-way dishes transmit as well as receive, a professional must install and precisely aim that dish. The installation process will take about an hour and a half. Part of that time will be spent removing your existing satellite dish and running a second (data) cable to the new one.

Naturally, you will have to install the provider’s driver software. Your PC will have to be configured as a software gateway if other networked PCs are to concurrently share the satellite link. Gateway computers must be left on continually for the clients to stay online.

The same dish can be used for the pickup of video and data; however, the transmitting satellites are separated by a few degrees in the equatorial Clarke Belt, so focus will be fuzzy on the video side. This usually won’t make a difference except in rainy weather. Otherwise, your antenna will require an unobstructed view of the southern sky.

The 44,000-mile roundtrip distance for the bouncing signal introduces speed-of-light drag, resulting in a noticeable (half-second) pause between a request for a feed and the start of the stream. This latency makes a satellite path too clumsy for tasks requiring immediate feedback, such as multiplayer video games.

Satellite data speed is often slower than land-based links. Providers advertise 500 Kbps for the downstream link and 80 Kbps for the upstream link. Again, this is a theoretical best case. It can be slower when rain fade degrades the signal or when you do not have a completely clear line of sight to the satellite.

This happens often enough to merit the installation of a dialup backup if you are running a full-time application. It will launch automatically if contact with the satellite is lost. Your screen will display a message when contact is restored, so you can manually shut down the phone link.

Your service provider may subject users to what is euphemistically termed a fair use policy. Such a policy states that if you download more than 170MB of data in a 1- to 4-hour time period, the company might strangle your bandwidth to slow speeds for another 8 to 12 hours.

During offpeak hours, defined as 2:00 A.M. to 5:00 A.M., users can download 225MB of data. If you think you need more guaranteed throughput, you can buy more, but it will cost more. Providers advertise a two-week interval between order and turn-up.

Internet service may either be bundled to include 10 email accounts and 10MB of web page host space.You may be allowed to keep your present ISP, depending on which satellite company you choose. Their ISP cost is $60 per month with a one-year commitment.

Equipment and other initial setup costs (typically $500) make it more expensive than your other choices, if you have any. That’s pricey, but if you live in the Yukon Territory, it will get you on the Web, and you can also use it to watch TV during those long polar nights.

At least one of the satellite TV companies is selling DSL service that actually comes over a phone line, just like the phone companies. That may sound confusing at first, but it has nothing to do with your satellite dish.

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• Supports major encryption methods such as WEP, WPA, and WPA2 encryption WPS configuration
• Frequency Band: 2.400 ~ 2.4835 GHz Antenna: integrated with 3dBi Dipole Antenna LED: Link/Activity
• Regulatory Approvals:

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Cable TV DSL

Your choice between the other pathways is likewise determined by which ones are available in your area. DSL over cable is pretty much the same as DSL over a phone line in terms of speed. Cable may even be a bit faster if their system is new or well maintained. But the carrier signal is radio frequency (RF) and subject to interference.

The infrastructure has to be re-tuned periodically. Cable companies are tempted to put off this maintenance to save money at the expense of signal quality. This can affect cable data more than video. Cable providers don’t give ironclad guarantees concerning consistency of speed or latency.

Cable TV companies are in the “land rush” to sign up new customers, but few of them have completely overhauled their infrastructure to accommodate two-way data. This requires a cable modem on the customer end and a cable modem termination system (CMTS) at the cable provider’s end, plus a lot of equipment in between.

Because of its great bandwidth, coaxial cable can carry many TV channels, each getting a 6 MHz slice of the total available. Internet data is encoded to look just like one of those TV channels, and occupies the same bandwidth. As with telephone DSL, cable upstream data links have a slower data rate.

They fit into a smaller 2 Mhz frequency slice. Unfortunately, these uplinks ride on the low end of the cable frequency spectrum and are therefore more subject to interference.

Most systems are upgrading to fiber-optic cables. Their bandwidth is even more enormous. They carry digitized TV and data channels far out to the neighborhoods without distortion, and there it is then broken out onto coaxial lines for the short hop into residences.

You may be able to get Internet service even if you are not a subscriber to the cable video, but if so, it will cost more than if you were getting the TV channels. A typical monthly fee is $40 to $50, but you may get a discount if you subscribe to cable TV service at the same time or if you buy your own modem (which will cost you from $100 to $300).

One advantage over the other pathways is that cable DSL is usually faster to get going, assuming that you already have a cable TV line into your house. The hardware requirements are simpler because the cable modem will probably adhere to the DOCSIS standard. If so, the modem can be purchased off the shelf.

This is almost always a better deal than leasing one from the cable company, because if you do, you will be charged month after month, regardless of how often you actually use it. Buying a non-DOCSIS or proprietary cable modem is a bad idea, assuming you can find one that matches your system’s specifications.

They can become obsolete and it may be hard to find someone to repair them. Before buying a proprietary cable modem, ask the cable company if the device will remain useable in the future. The cable franchise may be planning infrastructure upgrades that will render it obsolete.

And ask yourself if you plan to be staying in your present area, because the operator in the next town may use something else. A common complaint about Internet service in general and cable DSL in particular is that providers sometimes underestimate the demand for service and fail to provide adequately for it.

The term for this sometimes premeditated practice is the same one used at the airlines: overbooking. If too many subscribers are riding the same cable, the service may bog down. Users may have to avoid cable Internet rush hours, such as Sunday evenings and weekdays at 6 P.M. when users arrive home from work and check their email.

Users who play interactive games or do video conferencing may get frustrated at those times. You may not have to purchase cable TV service and cable Internet service as a bundled package, but if you do so, you can watch TV and surf the Net at the same time.

If you are already a cable TV subscriber, your existing cable may have to be replaced because the cable modem needs a higherquality signal than your TV set. Also, if you are using a splitter or amplifier to drive multiple television sets, make sure the cable modem is connected ahead of it, because multitap devices will not pass bidirectional signals.

With telephone DSL, an unshared telephone line carries your data back to a central office. But a cable line is shared with many other users, which makes security measures for your home network more important. When you share your PC’s hard drives one to another, be sure that you are not sharing them with the world as well.

To summarize, cable and Telco DSL are usually equivalent in terms of price and performance. Telco DSL promises to function more quickly in the future, however, and offers an exclusive upstream link to the Internet. If you hope to upgrade to an SDSL business-grade service, Telco DSL gives you a path.

Overview of Wireless Network Security

More and more applications are being accessed through wireless systems, including commerce, medical, manufacturing, and others. Wireless devices have become an extension of corporate databases and individuals.

Their security compromises are as serious as any attack to the corporate database and may have damaging effects on the privacy of individuals and the protection of assets of an enterprise. Wireless devices include cellular phones, two-way radios, PDAs, laptop computers, and similar.

These are normally portable devices with limitations of weight, size, memory, and power. The increase in functions in cellular devices creates new possibilities for attacks. Standard attacks against the Internet may now take new forms.

Lists of vulnerabilities are already available, showing flaws in many existing products. Communicating in the wireless environment has its own issues and challenges. It is characterized by relatively low bandwidth and data rates, as well as higher error rates, and the need for low power consumption (for mobile devices).

The mobility of the nodes in cases such as ad hoc networks adds another significant layer of complexity and unpredictability. There exist many different forms of wireless communications and networking. Some popular forms of wireless communications include:

• Satellite communication: It uses microwave links, and provides global connection of many network infrastructures. There are three basic classes of satellites: GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit), MEO (Medium Earth Orbit), and LEO (Low Earth Orbit).

• Cellular networks: These are currently among the most widely used types of networks. The geographic area is divided into cells . Each cell is serviced by a base station (BS) and several base stations are served by a Mobile Telecommunications Switching Office (MTSO) or a similar structure.

The latter provides connection to the wired telephone infrastructure. The new generation of cellular networks uses digital traffic channels, encryption, error detection/correction, and allows channel access to be dynamically shared by all users. Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) standard is widely used.

• Cordless systems: They are used inside homes and buildings, and provide wireless communications between a cordless device such as a telephone and a base station. Typically, TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and TDD (Time Division Duplex) communication protocols are used in such systems.

• Wireless Local Loops (WLL): They are used to provide last mile connections from the end user to the local switching telephone center. They have an advantage over their wired counterparts in low cost and relative ease of installation which can be done selectively and on demand.

• Mobile Internet Protocol (Mobile IP): It provides nomadic access from different access points (APs) allowing the user to maintain connectivity as he or she moves from one access point to another. Mobile IP includes processes of registration, move detection, agent solicitation, and tunneling of data messages.

• Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs): They have increased popularity due to their characteristics of mobility, convenience, rapid deployment, and cost effectiveness, in addition to the small size, and increased power and speed of wireless devices. Two standards are typically used: IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) and Bluetooth.

There are four types of WLANs:

• LAN extensions: They allow connection between mobile wireless devices and a wired network. Some example applications are manufacturing, stock exchange, and warehouses.

• Cross-building interconnects: They allow fast wireless connections between buildings. Microwave communications with dish-shaped antennas are used. This type is a link more than it is a LAN.

• Nomadic access: It is used to allow communication between mobile devices such as laptops, and PDAs to existing fixed wired networks. For example, applications can use such systems to transfer data from wireless devices to the home, office, or campus network.

• Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs): As mobile wireless computers and devices become increasingly smart, small, portable, and powerful, the need to interconnect these devices increases. MANETs allow such computing devices to establish networks on the fly without any pre-existing infrastructure.

Numerous applications exist using MANETs such as disaster recovery, military missions, classrooms, and conferences. Multi-hop routing is used to provide communication between nodes (e.g., laptops or computers inside moving vehicles) that are out of range of each other.

Each host provides routing capabilities to the mobile network. MANETs have dynamic topologies as nodes are allowed to move from one location to another, as well as join and leave the network at any time. Typically, these networks use Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

The security of wireless systems can be divided into:

• Security of the application â€" this means the security of user applications and standard applications such as e-mail.
• Security of the devices â€" how to protect the physical device in case it is lost or stolen.
• Security of the wireless communication â€" how to protect messages in transit.
• Security of the server that connects to the Internet or other wired network â€" after this server the information goes to a network with the usual security problems of a wired network.

True Wireless

Wireless LAN (WLAN) products have become widely popular and firmly established in the marketplace. In late 2002, Microsoft announced their line of home wireless equipment, thus confirming its popularity and permanence. Wireless networking has been around for a decade, but has only achieved wide popularity in the past few years.

This is for two reasons. First, the early attempts, such as the HomeRF standard, had slow transmission speeds and used a variety of proprietary protocols. You could not mix one manufacturer’s hardware with another or be assured that your investment would be useful in the years to follow.

The most common wireless solution for home and business networking today runs at a speed of 11 Mbps and does adhere to international specifications. If you buy an access point from one manufacturer, it will work with the built-in Wi-Fi interface in your laptop, assuming that both have been constructed to the standards agreed to by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

conferences and meetings and publish white papers. They also take input from many professionals, scholars, and students and resolve those into standards, which are detailed rules as to how a particular piece of electronic gear should work. Perhaps their most significant standards for our present purposes involve specifications for LANs.

These rules all start off with 802.XXX, as does the particular subset dealing with WLANs. Equipment makers have found through trial and error that they have a better chance of selling to a large market if their equipment can be easily judged against competitors and even be successfully intermixed.

Those who go it alone are sometimes said to be engaging in a connector conspiracy, which means that they hope to grab and hold you as a customer by selling you something that will only work with other equipment that they sell. Some manufacturers genuinely believe that their new product is completely new and superior.

Some of them actually manage to have their device accepted as a new standard, but they are taking an awful chance when they do. The slang term “to be Betamaxed” means to have a superior technical method eclipsed by a competing technology that is either superior for other reasons or simply better sold.

The classic example is Sony’s introduction of the Betamax videotape format. Years later, owners of the Betamax machines found themselves left high and dry as the world settled on the competing VHS format. (Sony stubbornly continued to manufacture the home version of the machine until mid-2002.)

The IEEE exists partly to keep that from happening by proactively taking the best aspects of competing technologies and combining them into one standard that everyone can live with. Other than market forces, they have no legal means to enforce a standard once they have handed it down.

In fact, some wireless home networking manufacturers still exist whose equipment is close to the standard and works well in most respects, but for some reason will not work interchangeably with all of it.

Once a standard has been set, it does not change, but real-world circumstances change all the time.Technologies, especially new and popular technologies like Wi-Fi networking, are constantly being improved and applied in new ways to solve new problems.

As the number of Wi-Fi technology users jumps upward from the 20 million on the air in 2002, for example, interference between users is bound to become a common problem. This is driving a migration to less crowded frequency bands.

The IEEE must move pretty quickly to accommodate changing applications and a growing market by adapting existing standards and, if necessary, making new extensions to them. Their goal is to allow for new technical capabilities without rendering an existing class of equipment obsolete.

The result of their efforts is a continuous stream of specifications for new variations of equipment, all beginning with the number 802. As the list of rules gets longer, it inevitably becomes more complex and more confusing. Even those who deal with it daily as a condition of employment refer to it as an alphabet soup.

Some manufacturers add features that have not been tested or approved to gain an advantage. But in order to remain in compliance, their equipment must be smart enough to communicate with any existing equipment that does adhere to the published standard.

Examples are wireless interface cards that will move data twice as quickly as nonwireless cards at 20 Mbps.When they encounter an interface broadcasting at the 802.11b standard rate of 11 Mbps, they must slow down to match it and do so without user intervention.

One manufacturer’s turbo mode might not work with others, even if both will interoperate at a standard speed. Eventually, the IEEE might define a technical standard that allows for turbo, and one or both of the manufacturers will have to give way in order to comply.

All these standards utilize very high frequencies on unlicensed portions of the radio spectrum, designated by the FCC as the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands. They all use relatively low power and yield a relatively short range when compared to a cell phone. All use a frequency-hopping method that minimizes interference and provides a basic level of privacy.

Ad Hoc Network

Two main advantages, simple yet very valuable, lay the basis for the introduction and the widespread diffusion of wireless local area networks (WLANs) in application areas such as office automation and home networking. These are their ease of installation because of the absence of wires and their capability of supporting communications among movable terminals.

In most cases WLAN systems are based on single-hop operation ; that is to say, a pair of terminals, whenever out of the reciprocal range of radio coverage, can connect to each other only through the use of an infrastructure providing access point devices and centralized control and management facilities.

Significant studies have been made recently of multi-hopping operations , generalizing the concept of peer-to-peer interconnection between terminals, out of immediate visibility.

For example, let us consider two terminals, A and B, not directly capable of interconnection, accessing another terminal, C, to exchange information: this “third node” is able to reach both nodes A and B and relay all messages not addressed to it.

It is then easy to extend this relaying concept to all elements in the network, more appropriately defined as network nodes able to support any communication between the source and the destination through an arbitrary number of wireless intermediate steps, forming multi-hop paths.

In case a fixed infrastructure and a centralized management are not in place, these networks, commonly called ad hoc networks (AHNs), should qualify as self-configuring and self-organizing, and should exploit their enhanced communication capabilities by letting nodes concur to implement the necessary networking functions for automatic operation and minimizing or even completely avoiding any manual setup.

Such characteristics may lead both to very high levels of scalability, because network management relies on the ability of each node to use local resources only, and to strong reliability, which is dependent on the nodes’ capacity to react to any anomalous event or failure by giving rise to automatic reconfiguration procedures.

Both the above properties, combined with the introduction of node redundancy in AHNs, result in very strong robustness of the overall system.

At first glance, it could appear sufficient to reuse all already established WLAN technologies to implement AHNs just by segmenting paths in more single-hop connections, each one managed as a WLAN operating in ad hoc (AH) mode. On the other hand, this approach, fully based on local management of the transmission resources, disregards interaction between contiguous WLANs.

Application Scenarios

AHNs originated in the early 1970s from the Packet Radio Network (PRNET) Project sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). In the early 1980s, concepts that evolved at PRNET were adopted by the Survivable Adaptive Radio Networks (SURAN) Project.

Both initiatives had as their goal laying the foundations for a packetswitched network (similar to the Internet), fully wireless and suitable for military applications such as communications among soldiers and fighting vehicles in hostile battlefield environments without the availability of any networking infrastructure.

Only recently, following the massive diffusion of mobile user terminals (cellular phones, pagers, PDAs, etc.), the research community has started to look at civilian applications for AHNs, especially where such solutions could well complement the existing commercial systems.

Important examples may be found in the projects MANET, WINS, and TERMINODES. All these activities testify to the growing interest of academic and industrial researchers in AHN. Among the many areas benefiting by AHN implementations, the field of environmental control and monitoring is worth mentioning.

In such a case the network nodes are based on specialized sensors that are able to react to particular events, to make local computations, and to exchange data with other instrumentation or control machines (machine-to-machine interfacing).

Ambient parameters can be monitored and measured, and results can then be supplied to the users (human-to-machine interfacing). Previous descriptions correspond to what is widely known as the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN).

The main factors suggesting the adoption of AH networking in such systems are their capability to establish infrastructureless wireless communications in difficult or even inaccessible locations, and their effectiveness to increase the robustness of the overall system in all cases of critical events by always having some running nodes able to perform networking functions instead of partially, or even fully, damaged or exhausted network members.

In a completely different scenario, a challenging possible application of the AH mode is its access to the Internet anytime, anywhere , in the sense of allowing users to connect through their own terminals to the worldwide network in total autonomy, without locational constraints.

In the AH mode of operation, the last-mile connection might be implemented by a multi hop path to the nearest available access point or IP gateway. These are widely known as mesh-based mobile networks. Valuable civilian applications may be foreseen in case of emergencies, disastrous events, rescue operations, and communications in Third World countries.

Additionally, a significant example of specialized scenarios is the car network, devoted to traffic control â€" possibly in combination with a global positioning system (GPS) â€" or used for advanced intervehicle communications (i.e., multimedia communication, multiplayer gaming, etc.).

Also, in this case, AH networking fits well the requirements of a collaborative system in which all (or many) elements have the twofold role of user and supplier of a number of services.

Wireless Communications Security

An obvious problem of wireless communications is that they are very easy to intercept. This implies that some form of encryption is a must for the confidentiality of messages. The available approaches depend on the standard used. Cellular networks use GSM, while WLANs use two standard protocols:

• IEEE 802.11a (Wi-Fi) can reach up to 1800 feet (550 meters). Devices connect to APs that have unique identifiers, Basic Service Set identifiers (BSS IDs). APs are basically transceivers that take the radio signals to the WLAN switch, which performs all the required network management.

WLAN switches support 802.11 at layer 2 and IP traffic at layer 3. The wireless network has a SSID (Service Set Identifier). It is also possible to set up Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks.

• Bluetooth. A protocol for short-range (up to 100 meters) wireless networks. Bluetooth devices are typically structured into ad-hoc networks.

IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Standard

It is the most widely used communications protocol for wireless LANs. The protocol resides in the physical and data link layers of the OSI (Open System Interconnection) model. It defines functions and specifications for the physical and MAC (Medium Access Control) layers.

The MAC layer covers three functional areas: reliable data delivery, access control, and security. The protocol defines different building blocks such as BSS (Basic Service Set) and ESS (Extended Service Set). Each ESS consists of one or more BSS. Stations in a BSS compete for access to the shared wireless medium.

Most ad hoc network routing protocols are designed and tested on top of the IEEE 802.11 protocol. Figure below shows the scope of the IEEE 802.11 standard in reference to the layers of the OSI model. It shows how the data link layer is actually divided into the MAC and LLC (Logical Link Layer).

The latter is responsible for providing the upper layers with three types of services, which are:

1. Unacknowledged connectionless service

• No flow and error control support
• No guarantee of data delivery

2. Connection-mode service

• Logical connection is set up between two users
• Flow and error control are provided

3. Acknowledged connectionless service

• This service is a cross between previous two
• Datagrams are acknowledged
• No prior logical set-up required

802.11 uses Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). WEP provides device or access point authentication as well as message secrecy through a variant of the RC4 cryptographic algorithm. The implementation of this algorithm has been shown to be flawed [isa]. Access to the wireless network is controlled using a static key.

WEP is being replaced by Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). WPA supports the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard, also known as Rijndael) encryption algorithm, provides effective key distribution, and can interact with RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) or LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) servers.

Authentication is based on the 802.1X and the Extensible Authentication protocol (EAP) and requires the use of an authentication server. An alternative (or complement) is using SSL VPNs (Virtual Private Networks). Other specialized products detect unauthorized access points and users.

WLAN switches apply security controls, including authentication (a comparison of some of them is in). Authentication can be provided locally or by connecting to a RADIUS or LDAP server. Because the RSA algorithm is rather inefficient in its use of key length, elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithms have been proposed.

For example, an elliptic curve algorithm with a key length of 150 bits takes 3.8 × 10 10 MIPS-years to be broken by brute force, while the RSA with a key length of 512 takes only 3 × 10 4 years. However, this approach requires that all ECC users agree on a common set of parameters, otherwise the extra information needed effectively extends the key.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a wireless communications protocol, originated by Ericsson, that quickly was adopted by many companies. It is intended to work in a close proximity environment, such as homes, offices, classrooms, hospitals, airports, etc. Connections are established using designated master and slave nodes.

Bluetooth uses application profiles for different devices, synchronous connection-oriented (SCO) for data, and asynchronous connectionless (ACL) links for voice, which are multiplexed on the same (Radio Frequency) RF link.

Frequency-hopping spread spectrum with a high 1600 hops/sec rate is used to reduce interference, and provide low power, low cost radio communications. It operates in the Industry Scientific and Medical (ISM) band at 2.45 GHz with a transmission power of 1 to 100 mW, a range of 10 to 100 meters, a maximum bit rate of 1 Mbps, and an effective data transfer rate of 721 Kbps.

Bluetooth provides authentication and message 128-bit encryption using hierarchical keys. Devices can be discoverable or invisible. In discovery mode a device is visible to any other device within range, which can make it vulnerable to attacks from those devices.

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Your Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Regardless of the media you decide upon, your ISP will be your true entrance point to the Internet. This may or may not be the same firm that provides the medium. When you send IP packets from your home network to the world, they aren’t really on the Internet until they get to your ISP, who then channels them onto the Internet through their gateways.

Your ISP does other necessary things, such as giving your home network an IP address, either static or temporary. It provides facilities to translate names to IP addresses, called domain name servers (DNSs), so you can ask for a web site by name and still reach it by its IP address.

They provide other services too, such as email and personal web pages. You may not need all the services they provide, even though they are bundled with the ones you do. Usually, the ISP is the agency you call first if you need your bill straightened out or some kind of technical help.

The phone companies that own the lines sell Internet access too, and they would dearly love for you to buy it from them. But no law says you have to. In fact, the Telecommunications Act of 1996 says that telephone companies have to provide for their own competition by allowing you to shop for the best ISP deal.

The dual-personality Telco/ISP arrangement can complicate troubleshooting a dead connection, because each half of the team can examine only part of the puzzle. This sometimes tempts them into jealous finger-pointing contests, with delays every time the problem is handed off between the Telco and the ISP.

Both want a happy customer, but neither is motivated to make their competitor look good. A handoff lag can also be a problem between departments within either agency. However you connect to the Internet, you will be trading your money and promises for a provider’s bandwidth and promises in return.

It pays to take a few moments to compare offers, shop, and, if necessary, walk away from a lame deal. Here are some questions to ask and some catch-22s to avoid. First, realize that the initial signup giveaways are predicated on the expectation that you will be a loyal customer for years.

If you are fickle and pick a competitor later, you may discover that you’ve agreed to pay back all those discounts. You may owe them a refund even if you have to move out of town because your company requires it.

Of course, if you don’t mind paying more, no-contract service is almost certainly available if you ask for it, and you may have to pay for installation and startup. Subscribers with contracts are worth more to an ISP, especially the ones that might be considering a merger or sellout.

If you can avoid the aforementioned penalties, changing to a new ISP is usually easy, assuming that the replacement uses the same DSL carrier. If not, it works as though you have completely shut your connection down and are rebuilding it from the beginning.

The Frequently Asked Questions apply to almost all prospective customers. Here are some other gotchas that are less general, but still worth considering.

Are their Fair Use prohibitions going to cramp your style?

Most providers have a list of prohibitions including obvious no-nos such as spamming the world, publishing pornography, libeling an organization, or preaching violent hatred.

These probably won’t apply to you, but the provider’s list can be so long or vague that they can dump you without an appeal for doing something you consider legitimate. If you are buying a high-speed link to solve a specific problem, such as a web site for my kids soccer team statistics, ask them about it.

Does Fair Use include forced traffic reduction?

Some providers, particularly satellite DSL providers, will automatically strangle your speed if you exceed their usage limit. The rules defining their trigger event and their throttle duration may be complex. In practice, they may also prove to be very inconvenient.

If they supply home networking equipment, then who is responsible for fixing or replacing it? If you are just going to be handed off to the manufacturer anyway, then you are probably better off shopping for it on your own.

What will the routing be from your home to the Internet?

If you’ve signed up with a national provider, your packets may have to cross state lines before they actually hit the Internet. That won’t decrease your speed, necessarily, but it will affect latency, which is very annoying to Internet game-players. And it may complicate troubleshooting.

If you plan to use your own built-in DSL or network interface, will it be compatible with their equipment and protocols?

Some PCs have interface equipment built in. You may want to use a cable modem you carried over from your previous residence. They may not work now.

Will additional interior or exterior wiring be necessary?

Usually, the answer is no, particularly for a Wi-Fi home network. But if your broadband link must terminate in a designated location, such as a computer room, you may have to pay someone to put it there.

Are their restrictions for my particular PC or operating system?

Pentium or clone-based PCs are universally accepted. But will the provider’s installation CD recognize a MAC, or a Linux, or a Unix, or something that’s not quite so standard?

How long does it take for service to be activated?

Rest assured, it will take longer than ordering a pizza. Whatever answer you do get will be a theoretical best case.

Alternatives to Wi-Fi

In some circumstances, you might not be able use Wi-Fi in your home. You may have PCs that are so spread out that one access point will not cover them all. You may have a remote building, such as a barn, garage, or shop that you’d like to include. You may have already installed an isolated wired home network of some kind.

The term wireless usually refers to radio, but it can also be used to mean “no new wires.” Other ways exist for connecting your PCs without resorting to planting new utility poles on your property or drilling holes in the walls.You can interface these other media to a Wi-Fi access point to utilize the advantages of all of them. We’ll start with the simplest.

Infrared Links

Many PCs and personal data assistants (PDAs) are equipped with infrared ports, which transmit data between themselves in the same fashion that your TV remote control uses: over a modulated beam of invisible light.

These are fine for communicating from one to another, as long as they are in a line of sight, usually sitting right next to each other. Bright sunlight, however, can interfere with the signal. You can buy infrared adapters based on the Universal Serial Bus (USB) for desktop PCs, and some adapters will pick up diffused signals that have bounced off a wall.

But infrared ports cannot be used around corners or from room to room, as is the case with Wi-Fi. This also means that someone outside the house cannot pick up the signals, as is the case with Wi-Fi.

The transmission speed varies between 1 and 4 Mbps, depending on the manufacturer and on computer placement. The process of transferring files over a light link is known as beaming, and updating files back and forth is called synchronization.

Telephone-Line Home Networks

If you are reluctant to install computer cables, you can utilize the ones that the telephone company has already put in to connect your PCs. Your existing phone lines can be made to carry data as well, using the same technique (but not the specific audio frequencies) that DSL employs.

The process of using an impressed carrier signal to interface PCs in this way is known as the Home Phoneline Networking Alliance (HomePNA) method. With a HomePNA network, you can talk on your telephones and share resources over a network at the same time. The HomePNA interface cards will not interfere with a DSL connection.

About 50 devices can be connected to a phone-line network within a home while still maintaining the 10 Mbps speed. Additional devices can also be added, but may result in overall slower network speeds. The maximum separation between computers is about 1,000 feet. Your network should cover less than 10,000 square feet, an area that is larger than most homes.

Home phone-line networks use an inaudible carrier signal on the line that (usually) doesn’t interfere with voice communications or faxes. Specifically, the technique is called Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). FDM puts computer data on separate, discrete frequencies intended to avoid interference.

The protocol involved is a derivative of Ethernet, using a proprietary compression technique. It also uses Ethernet’s method of avoiding interference from multiple stations sending at once. This is abbreviated with the lengthy acronym CSMA/CD, which stands for Collision Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect.

Simply put, each station listens for a clear channel before it starts transmitting. If the line is busy, the station will wait a random interval before trying again. The technical challenges to overcome are considerable, given the medium involved.

Unlike CAT5 wired networks that are built to exacting standards, a phone-line network can change randomly. Users can plug and unplug telephones and other devices, complete with extension cords. Every time this happens, another “branch” is grafted onto the phone-line wiring “tree.”

A transmitted signal is dampened and scattered as it reverberates on the wiring. In addition to added loads, the lines are sometimes unbalanced, or unterminated, as some phone sockets have nothing plugged in. The lines pick up high levels of noise from appliances, heaters, and air conditioners.

Finally, the interfaces must peacefully coexist with the customer’s existing equipment and with the telephone company’s gear, as mandated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Nonetheless, it works well in 99 percent of the homes in which it is employed.

Network adapters for your home area network (HAN) are available in the usual variety of form factors: internal bus network interface cards (NICs) and USB connectors, but also the less common parallel port connectors. They are priced about the same as equivalent Ethernet components.

Every computer so networked must be placed near a telephone jack. If you aren’t totally opposed to running new wires, you have the option of running telephone cable from one room to another through the walls or along baseboards. You also have the option of using a telephone extension cord to daisy chain your PCs together and not use the in-wall wiring.

ability between different manufacturers. The equipment is available in 19 European nations as well as North America. The first of their standards was version 1.0, which transmitted data at a rather slow 1 Mbps. The latest is 2.0, originally developed by Broadcom, which sends at 10 Mbps.

The faster adapters will work with the slower ones, which are still on the market. A newer third-generation (3G) Home- PNA specification promises to deliver quality of service (QoS) at a throughput rate of up to 100 Mbps. HomePNA equipment has the following characteristics:

• It is standardized and interoperable, reliable, easy to install, and relatively cheap.
• If you don’t mind peer-to-peer mode, you can use it without buying other gadgets, such as hubs.
• You can interface it with other network technologies.
• It is available for Macs and older Wintel PCs.

How Fast Is Fast?

Asymmetric, or unbalanced, refers to the common practice of having two transfer rates: a fast one (typically 768 Kbps to 1.5 Mbps) for information flow into your net (the downlink) and a slower uplink speed (384 Kbps) for data outbound to the net.

Residential ISPs operate that way regardless of the transmission media because it’s cheaper, and most home users only transmit when they are requesting data. Those requests are brief and usually come through the computer keyboard.

Since most of us cannot type at 187,000 characters per second, a slower line speed for that function is more than adequate. Perhaps the only time you will notice the difference is when you forward a mail message with a long file attached. It will take longer to send than it took to receive.

A home-based business operator (someone with a web server in his or her back room, for example) may want to send information to customers with a wide-open throttle. A symmetrical DSL (SDSL) link is available to themâ€"for a price, of course. The speeds we will quote represent the best case.

Most ISPs cover themselves by promising a best effort to achieve them. A sad fact about networks generally, including Wi-Fi, DSL, and ISPs alike, is that providers often measure throughput with a rubber speedometer. At least 13 percent of their stated maximum will be lost through overhead costs. Individual circumstances do vary.

If the uplink is saturated to capacity by sending a large file, then the downlink can drop to almost the same speed. That’s due to a builtin deficiency in the Internet Protocol (IP), and all ISPs are subject to it. Cable Internet is more vulnerable because all the users on a single cable segment must share the uplink.

The Data over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) recommended maximum is 1,000 users per segment. It’s not hard to see why ISPs are intolerant of users who provide some kind of nonstop streaming service, such as webcasting MP3s on a residential line. It only takes a few so-called abusers to set off a traffic jam.

Whether your data is delivered over cable television or telephone lines, your DSL provider will not necessarily be the same as your ISP. If you have an email address that all your friends are familiar with, you may want to keep your dial-up ISP and simply upgrade the service to DSL.

If you do, most ISPs will let you keep on using your dial-up for a few hours a month (20, typically) either as an emergency backup for the DSL link or as a way of checking your email from a hotel room. They’ll let you use it as much as you like usually, if you are willing to pay for the extra service.

Unlike plain old telephone service (POTS), DSL quality of service (QoS) is not regulated by a state agency. If your link is giving you grief, you cannot call the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) to complain about it. Actually, thousands and thousands of irate customers do so anyway every year to no avail.

ISP dedication to customer satisfaction can vary unpredictably. Providers are caught in a perennial squeeze between falling revenues, intense competition, and the urge to claim as many new customers as possible, for new customers are easier to acquire than someone else’s.

Users cannot assume that their provider will be as permanent or as well equipped as the telephone companies they are familiar with. For that matter, after the bankruptcy of WorldCom and newsreel footage of Adelphia executives being led off in handcuffs, users cannot assume the permanence of their phone companies or ISPs.

Most providers will insist that new customers commit for an extended period of time, in order to qualify for signup incentives. But it was only in 2002 that ISPs were required to warn their customers at all when the provider decided to go out of business.

The restriction was a legislative response to service providers that quit during the dot-com collapse of the late 1990s, such as North Point Communications of San Francisco, which suddenly abandoned users when going out of business.

In such a circumstance, it actually takes longer for a user to transfer to a new provider than for the initial signup and installation. You can go to places on the Web in advance of signing a DSL contract to get independent estimates of their service and track record. One such is www.dslreports.com. They provide several services, including:

• Helpful installation and troubleshooting tips
• News items about the cable and DSL industries, and government regulation
• Service locators for your area
• Frequently asked questions
• Tweaks and adjustments to boost speed
• Forums and opinion polls
• An automated security check of your system

It costs you nothing to look, and when you see their criteria and a few sample track records, you will form your own questions to ask. It also costs you nothing to listen. As the old saying goes, “Ask the person that owns one.” Your neighbors or coworkers may have tales to tell you.

You should also remember that any prices we quote here would vary from week to week, as vendors compete and special offers come and go. They are intended only as a general guide. You will have to check vendors’ web pages individually to be sure.With prices generally declining, you may be pleasantly surprised.

If broadband Internet Service is as fast as everyone claims, you may be wondering if your old 486-type microprocessor can keep up with it. The short answer is yes. The long answer is that it all depends on what you plan to use the Internet to do.

If you plan on interactive 3-D games, your old clunker may fall behind, but the problem will be the PC’s video card or processor against the complexity of the application, not an excess of data spilling over. For most applications such as web browsing and email, an older machine will do just fine.

Physical Planning for Wi-Fi Home Network

We will assume from here on that you’ve decided on Wi-Fi as the way to make your network. Even if you have an existing network using one of the other technologies, you can add Wi-Fi to it easily using CAT5 patch cords.

RJ-45-type connectors are a common denominator for all home network types. A Wi-Fi router, for example, will typically have four RJ-45 ports to accept input from wired PCs or other wired LAN hubs. As with the other wired methods previously described, every PC on your Wi-Fi network must have a specialized hardware interface.

These come in different shapes and sizes to fit the different PCs they were designed to work with. Special-purpose printer-sharing interfaces are also available. Modern PCs, especially laptops, come pre-equipped for Wi-Fi from the factory. The interfaces perform the same functions as for their wired equivalents, but they also include a small high-frequency radio transceiver and antenna.

Wi-Fi can be useful even if your home remains cut off from the World Wide Web. You may want to wirelessly connect your local PCs, laptops, and printers in the simplest way, which is called ad hoc mode. Each node communicates directly to every other node, as they might with infrared.

But because the medium is radio, they can all send and receive from room to room or around corners. When sharing data in this fashion, your PCs become a peer-to-peer network. This is one of the advantages of Wi-Fi. A group of business travelers who meet in a lobby or a customer who walks into your home office can immediately become a part of a network you create at a moment’s notice.

The alternative method of organization is known as infrastructure mode. If your Wi-Fi interfaces are configured this way, they will look for a central point at boot time and use that to relay data to the other devices on the wireless network. They will not communicate with the other stations, wired or otherwise, except through the wireless base.

While doing so, they divide the base station’s maximum throughput of 11 Mbps between them. Base stations can handle 50 or more wireless clients, but not if they are all trying to talk at the same time.

Once the wireless router station receives data, it selectively channels it out of the wired ports at whatever rate the destination station can accept. If the wireless router station is sending to wired PCs, this is most likely 100 Mbps.

If it is sending to the Internet over a DSL modem, the rate is 10 Mbps even though the modem can only communicate to the Internet at 1.5 Mbps. In every case, the chain of interfaces is only as fast as its slowest link.

You should give some thought to your system’s layout before you place the equipment. All your stations should be within the pickup pattern, but the pattern should not extend past the borders of your house. If you are starting from scratch, you can put your base station, be it access point or router, in a midpoint location.

If you already have a wired network, then you will probably want to centralize your Wi-Fi base station close to the existing hub. Likewise, it is often easier to move a wireless base closer to a DSL modem than to move the modem. In any case, you can connect nonmobile devices to a distant base station with a 100 Mbps LAN cable.

A connecting patch cord’s maximum length is 100 yards. That should be enough for all but the largest homes. Usually, long patch cords are unnecessary. Remember that walls, ceilings, floors, and other barriers will interfere with the signal and decrease the range.Wi-Fi is sometimes called a two-wall technology for this reason.

A typical line-ofsight range is given as 300 yards maximum, but it is actually hard to guess because the high-frequency signal bounces more than it is absorbed. At the very high frequency of 2.4 GHz:

• Vinyl walls are radio transparent.
• Drywall or wood paneling passes the signal, giving a range through five or six walls.
• Cinderblock walls allow enough signal strength for three or four walls.
• Precast concrete walls limit the range to one or two walls.
• A metal wall, metallic wallpaper, aluminum-covered insulation, or chain-link fences block the signal.
• Remember that most walls have metal pipes and wires in them. Stucco has embedded wire mesh

Other factors can spoil your plans, but you can do some quick tests first to ensure that your home PCs will work on the first try. Laptop PCs often come with Wi-Fi hardware and software built in, so if you have a laptop or can borrow one, they make ideal, simple test instruments for your less mobile desktop PCs.

Just call up the signal strength screen from the interface’s configuration menu and check out the site you plan to use. The antennas in laptops are typically less efficient than those attached on desktop wireless cards. If you get a strong signal from a laptop at a given location, then you should have an adequate margin for your desktop station as well.

Be aware that signal propagation on the 2.4 Ghz band is somewhat unpredictable, particularly at the weak fringes of the coverage pattern. As the signal degrades, the link will slow down to maintain the wireless circuit. Workstations that require high, dependable throughput, such as servers, should be closer together.

Those that are used for slower applications, such as email, need not be so close. Because the operating frequency is so high, it reflects off metal surfaces like a radar beam. Remember that the rear of most desktop PC chassis is metal so you may have to do some readjustment, particularly if your PC is backed up against yet another metal surface, such as a refrigerator or file cabinet.

One workaround for this problem is to use USB-compatible Wi-Fi interfaces for your desktops instead. These offer a few advantages over wired-inplace interface cards:

• They can be unplugged from one PC and relocated to another USB PC on the fly.
• The base antenna is at the end of a cord and can be easily moved for best coverage.
• You can use it to interface a peer-to-peer Wi-Fi home network to a software Internet proxy.
• It’s compact. You can use it in the corporate office and carry it home as well.

Rangebooster G Cardbus 802.11G 108MBPS Cardbus

Product Description

Connect to a fast and secure wireless network by adding this D-Link rangebooster G notebook adapter to your notebook PC. Access your network's high-speed Internet connection while also getting secure access to shared files, music, and photos from other computers in your network.Built with rangebooster G Technology, this wireless notebook adapter delivers faster wireless signal rates and better reception than most other 802.11g devices. Having a faster connection gives you more time to enjoy listening to music and watching videos rather than spending time waiting for files to finish transferring. With better wireless reception, you can connect to the network from farther distances.This wireless notebook adapter offers total network protection by supporting WEP and WPA encryption. These features safeguard your data and privacy by giving you access to a secure network.This wireless notebook adapter installs in minutes with D-Link's new Quick Setup Wizard. In addition, D-Link's new utility detects available wireless networks so you can quickly connect to a network. It also keeps track of the networks used most often so that you can easily rejoin them. This notebook adapter is backward compatible with 802.11b standard, ensuring compatibility with a wide range of wireless routers and networks.Offering enhanced wireless performance and total network security, this D-Link rangebooster G notebook adapter is an excellent choice for adding wireless connectivity to your notebook PC.

On comparing this Card with my other D-Link G card there is is a great improvement in SPEED as well as Range! I am very pleased with the produce.


The unit works great; however, the management software that came with it doesn't work properly, and causes an error after it starts up. However, the software is not required for the unit to operate properly as long as the drivers are installed properly.


Like:
Cost-effective if you buy it from Amazon.
Simple self-explanatory installation instructions.
Compatible with windows XP and windows zero Configuration utility.
Compatible with b/g and g networks.
The max data transfer is 108mbps.
The knowledge that D-Link has achieved several consumer and technical awards.
Reliable so far.

Dislike:
There are not that many reviews listed for this product.
It partially sticks out from the slot a bit more that I expected.
No serious dislikes so far.

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About Rangebooster G Cardbus 802.11G 108MBPS Cardbus detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #7314 in Consumer Electronics
• Brand: D-Link
• Model: WNA-2330
• Dimensions: 1.37" h x 6.75" w x 9.43" l, 3.00 pounds
• Networking: CardBus

Features

• Sold Individually

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Linksys Rangeplus Wireless G Pc Card with Mimo

Product Description

The RangePlus Wireless Notebook Adapter is the simple way to add or upgrade wireless connectivity in your notebook computer. Just slide it into your notebook's PC Card slot and enjoy incredible high-speed wireless network access while retaining true mobility.The RangePlus Wireless Notebook Adapter uses the very latest wireless networking technology to achieve extended range. Unlike ordinary wireless networking technologies that are confused by signal reflections, MIMO actually uses these reflections to increase the range and reduce "dead spots" in the wireless coverage area. The robust signal travels farther, maintaining wireless connections much farther than standard Wireless-G. And with MIMO, the farther away you are, the more speed advantage you get. It works great with standard Wireless-G and -B equipment, but when both ends of the wireless link use RangePlus technology, the throughput can be increased even more by using twice as much radio band.Once you're connected, you can keep in touch with your e-mail, access the Internet, and share files and other resources such as printers and network storage with other computers on the network, wherever you wander. At home, you can surf the web or use instant messaging to chat with friends while sitting out on the patio. You'll also be able to connect with any of the growing number of public hotspots springing up in coffee shops, airport lounges, hotels and convention centers. Your wireless connection is protected by industrial-strength WPA2 encryption. The included Setup Wizard will walk you through configuring the adapter to your network's settings, step by step.Get your notebook connected with fast throughput, reduced dead spots, and increased wireless range with the RangePlus Wireless Notebook Adapter from linksys.

My husband was able to install this product and we are using it at our home. We do have some issues once in a while with how long it takes to connect but that is workable. We are thankful it works in our location and would recommend it to others.


I use this laptop card to connect to WIFI hotspots and it works better than my Netgear range-plus card. It gives a stronger signal and seems to work better at longer range. Definitely reccommends this card. Price is good too.

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About Linksys Rangeplus Wireless G Pc Card with Mimo detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #13293 in Consumer Electronics
• Brand: Linksys
• Model: WPC100
• Platform: Windows
• Format: CD
• Original language: English
• Dimensions: 6.80" h x 9.50" w x 2.00" l, 3.00 pounds
• Networking: CardBus

Features

• Product Type - Adapter
• -- High-speed, long-range, wireless networking for your notebook computer
• -- MIMO smart antenna technology captures faint signals for extended range and reduced dead spots
• -- Much faster than Wireless-G when connected to RangePlus or Wireless-N, but also works great with Wireless-G and -B devices
• -- Advanced wireless security: Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA2) with up to 256-bit encryption

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Hawking HGA32T Gigabit NIC 10/100/1000 adapter

Product Description

hawking Technologies' H-GA32T 10/100/1000 Mbps Auto-sensing Gigabit Ethernet Adapter is the perfect solution for Fast Gigabit and Fast Ethernet networking environments. This adapter is designed to be suitable for 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 1000BASE-T networking environments using standard UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair) Ethernet cabling with an RJ-45 adapter. The H-GA32T supports 10/100/1000 Mbps auto-negotiation and Half- or Full-Duplex mode operation. The H-GA32T can be dynamically configured by your computer system BIOS for jumper-free Plug and Play. Furthermore, the H-GA32T PCI Gigabit adapter is a 32-bit PCI bus card and it complies with PCI Local Bus Specification Rev. 2.2, IEEE802.3, IEEE802.3u, IEEE802.3x, IEEE802.3z/ab, IEEE802.1p, IEEE802.1q, and IEEE802.1d standards. It also comes with a set of LED indicators to provide network status for users.

I bought two of these cards for my Windows XP boxes when I upgraded my home network to gigabit ethernet. Both cards have begun to experience problems. Basically they drop the network connection periodically. When the cards are disabled and re-enabled, they work fine. I thought I might have a router or DNS problem (usually the issue manifests itself by a failed website call) but I am running with fixed IP addresses and have other computers, both Macs and PCs, running on the same network with no problems. I plan to experiment with drivers but this is a nuisance and I would not buy a Hawking card again.


Installed this in minutes, works flawlessly. Would recommend it to anyone looking for a gigabit adapter.


Worked great on my Windows XP system with auto-detect. No problems.


This is a high-performance networking card that is extremely easy to install. Bear in mind that Windows does not have the driver needed to use the card already, so you have to insert the CD that comes with it. That's as difficult as it is, so long as you don't mind cracking open your case to install it in an empty PCI slot.

*** Update - I'm up to having five of these guys, and love them. The price is great, the installation is a breeze, and they have worked flawlessly for me. Every computer in my house has one in it now.

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About Hawking HGA32T Gigabit NIC 10/100/1000 adapter detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #16418 in Consumer Electronics
• Brand: Hawking Technology
• Model: HGA32T
• Platform: Linux
• Original language: English
• Dimensions: 1.00 pounds
• Networking: PCI

Features

• For Gigabit Ethernet and Fast Ethernet networking environments
• Backward compatible with any 10/100Mbps card or switch
• Auto-negotiation for 10/100/1000Mbps and Half/Full duplex operation mode
• Diagnostic LEDs for 1000M Link, 100M Link, 10M Link, and Activity
• Network drivers (on included CD) for Windows 98SE, NT4.0, 2000, XP, ME, Netware 4/5/6.x, Linux and Mac OS

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Peculiarities of Ad Hoc Networks

AHNs imply a completely new approach to networking design and bring the architectures of nodes and transmission protocols very close to the specific field of application of each considered case study :

• scenario parameters such as the nodes’ density
• their different resources
• their relative positions in the considered environment
• the extension of the operating area
• the type of established communications (e.g., one-to-one, one-to-many, etc.), and
• the specific types of traffic (e.g., real-time, best-effort, etc.)

Just to list a limited number of items, pose totally different requirements and may appreciably influence the choice of design. From this perspective, it appears even clearer that applications are very different from each other: the particular choice in the first context might not be as good in another.

Keeping in mind this variety of scenarios and flexibility of use, a number of characteristics of such networks are usually considered in the design process. Obviously, issues related to the radio channel are important. Several solutions foresee the use of the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) 9 frequency band.

On the one hand, this is advantageous because of free license usage and a range of frequencies common to many countries. On the other hand, the ISM band requires coexistence with many other standards (such as Bluetooth 10 or WaveLAN 11 ), already allocated to the same radio bands, or even with other generic electronic appliances (such as cordless phones or microwave ovens), which are potential sources of interference.

Moreover, transmissions will have to comply with precise and strict transmission rules (e.g., low maximum output power level and specific spread spectrum modulation schemes). In some cases, to effectively exploit the available frequency range, the entire bandwidth is sliced into small parts by creating a number of nonoverlapping subchannels whose management necessarily also involves the MAC sublayer.

Also, the adopted transmission power levels assume great importance in AHNs, especially in the case of high-density and battery-powered nodes. Minimal transmission power, together with the implementation of smart strategies for energy saving, may considerably increase node life duration and channel utilization.

However, using less transmission power may involve longer multi-hop paths with a major impact on routing protocols and overall topology management. Additionally, the use of variable power levels may give rise to unidirectional links; that is, a pair of nodes cannot communicate with each other because of the mismatching of covered radio range.

The handling of such cases is cumbersome, and the MAC sublayer usually acts like a filter so that upper-layer protocols operate in bidirectional-link conditions.

Even when all nodes transmit at maximum power, particular topology constraints may require multi-hop transmissions to guarantee full network coverage. Considering also that no centralized control system is provided, new challenges for wireless AH MAC protocols, with respect to classical wired cases, are then posed.

Moreover, effective usage of the medium requires that the MAC implement certain quality of service (QoS) levels whenever they are imposed by applications. The creation of subsets for nodes â€" such as those identified by network organization algorithms â€" can be exploited to implement alternative MAC coordination schemes by enabling some types of centralized transmission policies.

As stated before, node mobility is just another key feature of AHNs. It obviously impacts on their topology, often in a very unpredictable way, in space and in time: the setting up or the dropping of a link, an occasional event in wired as well as in single-hop wireless networks, becomes very frequent, and routing protocols have to react to these events and manage them promptly, implementing fast tracking of changing topologies and quick recalculations of the available paths.

The optimized route calculation should be based on a plurality of parameters of the network; for instance, an algorithm could discard links showing a received power level under a specified threshold. A too-low level is considered the sign of a very weak link, prone to too many errors or even to termination.

In a different manner, an algorithm could evaluate the relative mobility among the nodes and require that only those hosts showing a low relative mobility will act as relayers, aiming at potentially increasing the stability of routes.

Alternatively, an algorithm can exploit the presence of a predetermined virtual infrastructure, assigning to it crucial routing functions such as route discovery ; finally, an algorithm could determine paths that for certain reasons can guarantee, more than other paths, certain degrees of QoS.

Generally speaking, any routing protocol has to guarantee the robustness of a path over time. This may be achieved by predicting and preallocating alternative paths to be used whenever the first choice fails ( backup paths ) or quickly recalculating paths on the basis of local information ( local recovery procedures ).

In any case, the number and the repetition rate of control data exchanges has to be minimized to preserve bandwidth for data and to minimize energy consumption. When considering transport layer issues, the high degree of distributed intelligence naturally present in an AHN should be taken into account.

Many features, in fact, are usually provided by the system already, and an accurate analysis should concentrate on the provisioning of such complementary functions as are strictly necessary to manage the application’s traffic flow.

It would be possible, in this way, to avoid the replication of any useless functionality. A “tiny” transport protocol, for instance, could implement only the flow control feature and leave to the underlying network mechanisms the execution of congestion control and the notification of transmission errors.

Many MAC protocols, for instance, already provide acknowledgment frames. Security can pose several problems. Usually the Admission Control procedures are implemented by a central unit and are not provided in AHNs.

In principle, this is a weakness that becomes even more noticeable when looking at all nodes actively participating in overall operations. That is why in AHNs there is the need to take a comprehensive approach, protecting a system already at very low networking levels.

Also, considering both scenario and application characteristics, some precautions are required even at the MAC sublayer to keep a malicious node from receiving or transmitting sensitive data. But this is only one facet of the problem because a malicious node could even cause impaired operations, for instance, by communicating false control data to mix up routing schemes, with a major, even global, impact.

For such reasons, communications, and consequently participation in networking activity, should be restricted to authorized nodes only. A continuous monitoring of each element is required in this regard with suitable trusting criteria to allow rapid isolation of all items exhibiting illicit behavior.

A final consideration should be scalability. An AHN may spread and grow over a territory with different levels of density: it follows a clear requirement for distributed algorithms. For reasons of simplicity, such algorithms should use local control data processing and involve the smallest part of neighboring nodes.

Placing Home Antennas

The twin antennas on access points and Peripheral Component Interface (PCI)-based interface cards can be tilted and rotated. Usually, they are most efficient when pointed straight up. If your laptop’s cardbus interface is not getting a strong signal, you can often improve it by rotating the laptop or simply sliding it over a few inches.

In theory, the signal will be strongest if the antenna points toward the access point or wireless router like a compass needle. Some of these cards now have more than one built-in antenna to avoid dead spots, but the rest have their built-in antennas oriented in the worst possible way: They are horizontal, and they are separated from the chassis of the laptop by half an inch or less.

This sends the radiation pattern up and down, which is fine if you happen to be upstairs from your access point. If you are downstairs from one, you’ll have a problem because access points have dead spots directly underneath.

Apple’s built-in interfaces deal with small-card coverage problems by placing a built-in antenna on the side of the liquid crystal display (LCD), which is vertical when being viewed. Other manufacturers are following suit.

If your environment is unusually difficult for some reason, you may have to resort to an external or add-on antenna, but lower-priced peripheral cards won’t come with accommodating sockets or plugs. If you anticipate this problem, buy a NIC that does have an antenna socket. (In late 2002, Linksys introduced an add-on antenna range extender.)

As standardized as these interfaces have become, none of the antenna jacks are of a consistent factor and intentionally so, thanks to FCC regulation section 15.203. It was intended to discourage experimentation by users. You must either buy the manufacturer’s own brand of antenna or search for an adapter at an electronics store.

Unfortunately, the radio frequency (RF) signal is attenuated somewhat every time it must traverse an adapter. It is natural for some folks to want to experiment and get the maximum range from their equipment.

This is one of the primary motivating challenges behind amateur radio, for instance, but good reasons exist for getting a ham license and experimenting that way instead of doing so with your Wi- Fi equipment. The reasons against experimenting with Wi-Fi apparatus are as follows:

• Wi-Fi interfaces were not designed to be tampered with.
• Doing so violates FCC regulations.
• You might ruin the equipment if you don’t make it less efficient.
• Letting your signal out lets others in.
• You don’t need to. It almost always works fine as is.

Putting an external antenna on your roof to cure a few dead spots below is counterproductive. The signal from the interface will be soaked up by a long transmission line and be cut every time it must jump a connector or adapter.

Omnidirectional antennas are least sensitive below. An antenna on the roof is subject to weathering, lightning, and water in the form of rain, fog, and condensation.

Water can be particularly troubling at 2.4 GHz. That particular frequency was originally chosen for microwave ovens because it was well suited for heating water, meaning that water absorbs it. Bolting a Wi-Fi antenna to your chimney may give you coverage all over the block on a sunny day, but hardly anything in a dense fog.

Also, if it works well in winter, it may gradually go deaf in the spring, as the trees put on foliage. Putting your access point next to a water cooler or an aquarium is an obvious mistake.

Your fish will stay healthy, but a large tank will act like a black hole.Window plants and potted palms are also mostly water. So are people, which is why you can block the link from a laptop simply by resting your arm against the interface card.

Even if all your workstations have an adequate signal from your access point, one other check you should make with your signal-strength laptop is to walk around the periphery of your home to determine where the coverage pattern ends. Believe it or not, too much signal spilling out to the street is not necessarily a good thing.

It can interfere with neighbors’ Wi-Fi networks, especially in high-concentration areas such as apartment complexes. A full rate of 11 Mbps can be maintained even if the reported signal strength is less than half the maximum. As mentioned repeatedly, a sloppy signal makes your access point more vulnerable to those on the outside.

Most laptops come with built-in Wi-Fi interfaces these days, and many employees carry them home as tools for the job. So an increasing number of users are equipped to find your access point and use it if you allow them to.

If you want to use a laptop at a great distance outside, temporarily place the access point antenna so that it looks out a window. It’s more likely that you will wind up placing your base station so that its signal is deliberately weaker.

If you need to connect a distant office, a backyard workshop, or a separate wired network, you can use a wireless alternative to stringing a long wire between buildings. A Wi-Fi bridge consists of two specialized base units that work together as a radio “extension cord” for a wired network.

Their specific purpose is to extend the range of a wireless network or fill in a dead spot. They can be used to connect a wired hub or switch or any Ethernet-compatible wired peripheral also, such as a printer or distant server. Together with an amplified transmitter and a focused, directional antenna, a network’s straight-line range can be stretched for miles with these bridges.

Another factor to consider, especially for base stations, is jamming. Wi-Fi shares the upper part of its 11-channel frequency band with microwave ovens. Modern ovens are well shielded, but don’t ask for trouble by putting your access point on top of a microwave or even in the same room with one.

Other sources of radio interference include older cordless phones, wireless video cameras, and some baby monitors. Check the label to see if they run in the 2.4 GHz band, and if they do, move them or the base station.

It’s not a good idea to plug the base station into the same outlet with one of these either, since the mutually interfering signals can leak through the power cords. Interference may not stop your link entirely or all the time, because it was designed to be robust. But noise on the air close to your Wi-Fi system’s ear can force it to slow down.

If you examine your configuration screen’s signal report, and it shows a strong signal but slow throughput, you should turn off suspect sources until the problem clears.

Belkin Certified Wireless USB 4-Port Hub with Adapter (F5U302)

Product Description

Printers, cameras, MP3 players, hard drives - as the number of USB devices that connect to your computer continues to increase, so does cable clutter. belkin's Wireless USB Hub eliminates the hassle of searching, untangling, and plugging in the right cables each time you want to print, back up files, or listen to music. Now, you can easily connect up to four USB devices and access them wirelessly at any time.

Iffy performance at a high price. Alternate: For $100-150 more you can buy a netbook to multifunction as a wireless USB hub, media server for your hi-def TV, portable movie player, etc. The netbook will function wirelessly up to the capabilities of your wi-fi router and provide portable storage and access to your media and/or backups for travel.


I am really happy with the product! The only limitation that I found was when printing large PDFs the communication would sometimes timeout.


This is one of the worst devices I've wasted my money on in a long time. It can barely maintain a line-of-sight connection at arms length! I thought it was a defect with my radio but apparently seeing the experiences of others both here and on the forums, this hub is just a pile of dog excrement. I used to think Belkin made good products but this is most likely the last thing I ever buy with their name on it. It can barely maintain a connection to print. Honestly, you're better off buying a 10' USB cable.


I bought this setup for a direct view link with my ugly printers. It worked great for two weeks and now the signal from Windows is corrupting as it goes through the wireless process to the hub. I get an error message with each print attempt. Sending it to Belkin to see what's wrong. Now my ugly printer is out in full view!


This product is a little finicky to set up but once working it does OK with a range of up to 8 ft. If it loses signal, simply unplug and replug the remote device to reacquire. I have used it for scanners, printers including all in one's, and all kinds of USB flash and hard drives. For some reason it won't work with the dongle which may be faulty?? It sure eliminated a lot of wires!

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About Belkin Certified Wireless USB 4-Port Hub with Adapter (F5U302) detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #27276 in Consumer Electronics
• Brand: Belkin
• Model: F5U302
• Platform: Windows
• Format: CD
• Original language: English
• Dimensions: 10.00" h x 8.50" w x 3.75" l, 4.00 pounds

Features

• Connects USB printers, cameras, scanners, and other devices to your computer--without wires
• Reduces cable clutter
• Transfers data at speeds of up to 480 Mbps for USB 2.0 devices
• Adds 4 USB ports to your computer for linking high-, full-, and low-speed devices
• System Requirements: PC with USB 2.0 port & Windows® XP with Service Pack 2 or Windows Vista™ 32-bit/64-bit

Read more Belkin Certified Wireless USB 4-Port Hub with Adapter (F5U302)

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SMC SMCWUSBS-N EZ Connect N 2.4GHz 300Mbps draft-N Wireless USB 2.0 Adapter

Product Description

The EZ Connect N Draft 11n Wireless USB2.0 Adapter (smcWUSBS-N) enables Wireless-N connectivity to your desktop or notebook computer and provides improved throughput and range than existing 802.11g technology. Upgrading to Wireless-N is an excellent solution for browsing the Internet and sharing files such as video, music and photos. The smcWUSBS-N is Wi-Fi CERTIFIED for full compliance with the 802.11n draft v2.0 standard, as well as the popular Wireless-G (802.11g) and Wireless-B (802.11b) standards. This next generation standard utilizes advanced MIMO (Multiple-In, Multiple-Out) technology to deliver incredible speed and range. With security being a key consideration, the latest WPA and WPA2 wireless encryption standards are supported, which prevent unauthorized access to wireless networks and ensure data is secure. Wireless security can also be set up easily using Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) that enables push button or PIN configuration.

Easy installation and works flawlessly with Windows Vista 64-bit Ultimate. Works every time turn on the computer with great download rates.


It works & it gets great speed going through 2 walls and a floor over about 60 feet.


If you are running XP SP3, you do not have to follow SMC's installation instructions. Just insert and let Windows install and configure. If you keep getting 'Validating Identity' when you try to connect, go to http://www.ehow.com/how_2326407_disable-validating-identity-wireless-network.html and follow instructions. You should connect without difficulty. I have two of these running on office laptops and they seem to work quite well so far.


I got it to work just fine on B and G but it would not see my N network. I used netgear wireless-n equipment so it may work fine with SMC Wireless-n routers but it did not work with netgear.


After doing some research online, reading reviews, etc. I decided to purchase this adapter. I couldn't be more pleased with my purchase. This is my first wireless device and the setup was very simple and easy to understand. The PC I use this with is in my basement with the router on the main floor and I always have a very strong, consistent signal. I also purchased an SMC wireless draft N 2.0 router (SMC SMCWBR14S-N2 Draft 11n Wireless 4-port Broadband Router, US power) and couldn't be more pleased with the ease of setup and strength of signal. So far I haven't experienced any resets or signal drops and I do a lot of online gaming.

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About SMC SMCWUSBS-N EZ Connect N 2.4GHz 300Mbps draft-N Wireless USB 2.0 Adapter detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #23786 in Consumer Electronics
• Brand: SMC
• Model: SMCWUSBS-N
• Original language: English
• Dimensions: 2.00 pounds
• Networking: Hi-Speed USB

Features

• 300Mbps WLAN 32-bit USB 2.0 Adapter
• IEEE 802.11 N standard, Backward compatibility to existing 802.11 B,G
• Advanced security through 64/128-bit WEP encryption, Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
• Soft AP mode support
• Typical output of 14dBm

Read more SMC SMCWUSBS-N EZ Connect N 2.4GHz 300Mbps draft-N Wireless USB 2.0 Adapter

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Wireless 54MBPS Compactflash Card By Ambicom

Product Description

The WL54-CF is an IEEE802.11g + b compliant wireless CompactFlash Card. It provides superior performance and interoperability within a mixed mode network (802.11b and 802.11g). The WL54-CF is backwards compliant with all 802.11b and 802.11b+ wireless equipment, making it a seamless integrator for the most popular wireless networks. Plus, this all-new CF Card provides a high transfer rate up to 54Mbps for today's high-speed broadband connections.The WL54-CF allows you to take full advantage of your Laptop and PDA's mobility with access to real-time information and online services anytime anywhere. It slides into the available CF port to enable a wireless connection to your network. Plus, with the network installation simplicity and flexibility, you eliminate the need to pull cable through walls and ceilings and allow the network to go where wires cannot go. Exploring the web and augmenting networks has never been easier.

I used the Wireless 54MBPC CF by Ambicom in my Dell Axim X51. In about a 1 minute of setup, I was conneted to the internet. It does take more power from the Dell Axim X51 thereby, draining the battery. To solve the battery problem, I used an APC Mobile Power Pack Model: UPB10. Thereby, providing 40 hours of mobile internet access, before a recharge of the APC Mobile battery is required.


I "aquired" a dell axim x5 about a month ago and after a week of Wireless CF card research I found that the ambicom 54g was about the only left on the market that is still "in stock". So far it's working great. I get signal just like a laptop and it installed without a glitch. It will suck power if you don't change your pda's power setting to either Auto or Power Save. Overall, it's so cool to check facebook and hotmail from a PDA at free wi-fi spots without having to pay cell phone service.


Has no range at all. Works well if you are within 10 feet of the router but get more than 15 away and it cannot pick up the signal. Another PC works well with the router at 75 feet.


very poor quality drivers, tech support almost zero (unless one speaks taiwanese dialect), I whish I could send it back (lost the original packing)...
What a waste of money !


I got this card today and it works pretty well. It managed to connect to my router. After setting up proxies for the pda i was able to use the internet. Its no pc internet, but u can use the basics. I have a hp ipaq 2215 and the card didnt slow it down. for the price i would greatly recomend this product.

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About Wireless 54MBPS Compactflash Card By Ambicom detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #7318 in Consumer Electronics
• Brand: Global Marketing Partners
• Model: WL54-CF
• Dimensions: .20 pounds
• Networking: CompactFlash Card

Features

• Sold Individually

Read more Wireless 54MBPS Compactflash Card By Ambicom

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4965AGNMM1GN Wireless N Nic

Product Description

The Intel Wireless WiFi Link 4965AGN product is an embedded 802.11a/b/g/Draft N PCIe Mini Card network adapter card that operates in both 2.4GHz and 5.0GHz spectrum, delivering high throughput and a host of features that enhance today's mobile lifestyle. Deploying WLAN technology in your home and business increases productivity, efficiency and flexibility by enabling faster decision making, reducing down-time, and enhancing employee satisfaction.

I rec'd the product OK and eventually got it work, BUT...
The packing was terrible; The circuit board was just in a plastic bag (not anti-static) and the circuit board was in the bottom of a box with a bunch of crumpled paper on top. Obviously the company has little reguard for proper circuit board handling procedures.

Next, the product does NOT come with a driver CD, so it is useless until you locate the driver. Fortunately, I found the driver on the Dell Web site.


This card was an easy upgrade in my Vostro 1500 (I found a third unused antenna wire when I removed the access pannel on the bottom)
Using a Belkin DIR-655, I've gone from 54Mbps to 130Mbps
Speed tests wired vs wireless are now the same 5.8 to 6.o Meg

I've been reading on some forum postings that the Belkin DIR-655 can achieve 300Mbps, but not with this Intel card....something about the dual vs single channel.....anyway, I'm happy with the speed


I installed this in my Dell XPS M1730 Notebook and everything was great. The WLAN Card is located under the keyboard on the top and the "third" wire is included just remove the two included connections and connect the third wire in the middle.


I just purchased a wireless N router and I didn't want to risk opening up my laptop to put an internal card in. So I originally bought an expansion card, the problem with that was the reception was so bad I ended up using my internal card more than the expansion. I returned that card and decided I would go with the internal. Not only was it cheaper but it took no more than ten minutes to install in my Dell Inspiron. The card worked the second I turned my laptop on with no drivers to install (running XP Pro). Not only that the reception is better than my previous wireless card an Intel WM3945 ABG. I have no complaints about this card, it does what it should and does it well, I consistently getting over 100 mbs wirelessly. The main reason I gave this product a five is that for the price this this is the best option for people looking to upgrade to wireless N and its ease of use. Before you upgrade make sure to check your warranty and make sure that opening up your laptop wont void anything.

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About 4965AGNMM1GN Wireless N Nic detail

• Brand: Intel
• Model: 4965AGNMM1GN
• Dimensions: .1" h x 1.25" w x 2.00" l, 1.00 pounds
• Networking: PCI Express Mini Card

Features

• Dimensions (H x W x D): 2.00 in x 1.18 in x 0.13 in (50.95 mm x 30.00 mm x 3.30 mm)
• Weight: 7.2g
• Antenna Interface Connector: Hirose U.FL-R-SMT* mates with cable connector U.FL-LP-066
• Radio ON/OFF Control: Supported in both hardware and software
• Antenna Diversity: On-board diversity support for systems designed with two or three antennas

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Sharing a Broadband Internet Connection

If you have an existing network, and you’ve just installed a broadband link to the Internet, you can make that link work for all your existing computers, whether the link is via satellite, cable modem, or Telco digital subscriber line (DSL).

You should check with your Internet service provider (ISP) before you do so, however, because their policies vary. Most don’t mind customers sharing access among their own PCs. Most do mind customers sharing with friends or neighbors. Some don’t care, and some flatly forbid it and actively seek out users who share in any way.

As mentioned, you should base your choice of ISP on this policy question as well as on other factors. The simplest way to share an Internet line is to purchase additional Internet Protocol (IP) addresses from your ISP. No providers complain about this method, because they make a profit on the exchange.

Prices may vary from $3 to $10 per month, assuming that your ISP is willing or able to sell extras. You will need one for each PC you plan to connect. Afterward, all the PCs will have to be interconnected through a hub or switch, which will also have a line to your broadband modem.

It is possible to achieve the same end by using a clever device that selectively channels traffic between the broadband link and your client PCs. It is called a router. This function can be carried out by a dedicated PC running special software or by a piece of special-purpose hardware.

Many hardware routers are made more cost effective by including built-in firewalls and high-speed switches, which makes them an increasingly popular solution for broadband sharing. Software and hardware routers are Network Address Translation (NAT) devices. They emulate a single PC when they connect to your ISP.

They will even perform an auto-logon if they have to. Afterward, any traffic destined for a PC in your home is directed (routed) to it as though it were the only PC, even though you may have several. Similarly, any traffic from any PC to the Internet gets funneled into one DSL line.

This provides an extra measure of security for your PCs because to someone on the outside it appears as though only one IP address is active. In this way, a NAT router acts as a firewall. Another measure of security is gained from the range of IP addresses distributed to the clients, because they belong to a special class:

• 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (the most common)

Addresses in this range function like any others, with the exception that Internet routers won’t pass them along. This means that your PCs are more isolated and therefore more protected. A hacker trying to access any of your addresses within these limits will have no luck, as his or her packets will hit an immediate dead end.

DSL and cable are full-time Internet connections. They make your PCs easier to find and more vulnerable to attacks from malevolent hackers than they were on your old dial-up connection. This is especially true if you have a static IP address since a hacker can automatically “bookmark” your home network and return to it at leisure.

Software Routers

If you have more PCs than money, you might choose to use one of them as a software router or, as it is sometimes also called, a proxy server. If you use a PC in this way, it must stay on for as long as you want to use any of the others. It is generally slower than hardware routers.

Remember that all your clients should have their own firewall and virus protection software installed. Usually, the host computer that runs routing software will have two network cards: one for the DSL/cable modem and the other for your local area network (LAN). You can buy several software packages for this job:

• Wingate
• Sygate

For Macs:

• IPNetRouter
• SurfDoubler

Prices for the others can range from $35 to $700, depending on the number of users and other add-ons, such as parental controls. But you may already have a software router.

Windows 98SE and Windows 2000/XP include Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) as a bundled function. If your PC does not already have it, you can’t download it from the Microsoft web page, although those pages are a good source of advice and software updates.

ICS provides for sharing a single Internet connection to a small peer-to-peer network such as with Wi- Fi’s ad hoc mode. ICS requires a host computer as a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Server that dynamically hands out IP addresses to as many as 10 other network PCs as they boot up and ask for them.

It also includes the functions of a domain name server (DNS) proxy. When one of your clients refers to a web site by its alphabetic name, the Internet must first translate it to an IP address, as you might do with a telephone directory.

These requests must be shuttled back and forth through the server PC along with other traffic. The ICS server also uses application programming interfaces (APIs) to aid configuration, report status, and manage the dial-up. (Yes, you can use it with a telephone modem if you must.)

Hardware Connection Sharing

One of the killer applications for home Wi-Fi is sharing connections to a broadband Internet link. To do this, you will have to set up your wireless workstations in infrastructure mode. This means that in order to communicate to each other, they will all first go through a wireless hub.

This connects them to each other, and the built-in router will in turn connect them all to your cable or DSL modem. Thanks to a hungry mass market and economies of scale, the cost of hardware routers has dropped, often to a price lower than software-based equivalents. These intelligent devices do everything that the software routers can do.

What’s more, modern hardware routers usually have other functions built in that otherwise would require you to make several purchases and to integrate several pieces of hardware afterwards. Most Wi-Fi routers usually include four or more RJ-45 sockets to accept and interconnect traffic from your wired PCs or your existing LAN hubs.

These ports are switched, meaning that traffic is selectively channeled between them so that any one port sees only the data destined for it. The older hubs acted like a party line, with heavy traffic on one echoed onto all, thus sapping their capacity.

The built-in switched ports auto-sense speeds of 10 or 100 Mbps and interface between computers or networks running at different speeds. Some routers include ports for printers, enabling you to share one printer among several home-office PCs, wired or otherwise.

Some have built-in telephone modems that will dial and share a connection to your ISP when the DSL line fails. Home routers come in different flavors, some having specialized built-in interfaces that connect directly to existing “no new wires” media, such as phone- or power-line home networks.

It is possible to combine interfaces, thereby adding a Wi-Fi cell to a phone-line network that includes a shared Internet link. For this task, you will need an access point, which is a simplified version of a Wi-Fi router. Access points have only one wired port. Their purpose is to provide a pathway from a Wi-Fi cell, making it appear as a wired PC to a preexisting wired network.

Ma Bell DSL

Spurred by relentless competition, the telephone companies are anxious to sign up as many customers as they can. Virtually every major telephone company in Europe, the United States, Canada, and throughout Asia- Pacific has announced commercial DSL rollouts.

According to technology market analysts International Data Corporation (IDC) in its report published on February 9, 2001, “The number of digital subscriber line (DSL) subscribers around the world will soar to 64 million in 2004.”

This wide availability means that many users who want to get DSL service can get it from more than one supplier. They can choose to take service from their telephone company and often directly from their ISP or even work with multiple ISPs that best meet their needs.

Telco DSL has a security advantage over cable or fixed wireless in that it uses a private, point-to-point connection to the telephone company central office. Nearby customers do not share the line so they have no access to other user’s data. It also means no shared bandwidth constrictions.

The telephone company’s digital subscriber service uses a signal impressed on your telephone, sometimes referred to as a POTS line. In principle, it works like the old telephone modems, but phone modem throughput was limited because it used the audio frequency range (500 to 2,500 Hz), which the human ear can detect and the phone system was originally designed to carry.

By raising the frequency of the carrier tone far above the range of human hearing (4,000 Hz), the phone company engineers found that they could make it carry much more data and do so without interfering with the lower frequencies that we listen to.

The scheme also gave the added benefit that people could continue to use the phone as they always hadâ€"for talkingâ€"at the same time that the line was carrying data. That’s one of the reasons why DSL is the world’s most popular method of connecting to the Internet.

The most common DSL offering is designated ADSL Lite, or G.lite, which is an International Telecommunications Union (ITU)-sanctioned standard. It offers download speeds up to 1.5 Mbps and uploads at rates up to 384 Kbps. Full-rate ADSL is faster, offering a download rate of up to 8 Mbps and an uplink rate of 1 Mpbs.

But the full-rate standard is more than most residential users will need, and it requires that phone company installers install a special splitter on your phone line to separate the voice from data.

It also costs a lot more. One advantage of Telco DSL is that the medium is technically ready to go even faster than 8 Mbps.With refinements, future throughput might improve to 12 Mbps.

DSL service is limited to those lucky customers who happen to live within three miles of a central switching office (CO). The throughput rate will vary from ISP to ISP. The speed available to users is limited by line quality and distance. The typical 1.5 Mbps residential offering assumes a maximum length of 12-thousand to 17,500 feet.

The range limit for higher or symmetrical rates is less than that. Those near the end of the line may have to settle for less than top speed in any case. Some lines, though short enough and adequate for voice, may not be up to snuff for high-speed data. Even with a perfect new telephone line, the digital signal degrades over distance.

The high carrier frequencies deteriorate even more quickly when forced through loading coils that are installed to condition long lines solely for voice. Bridge taps are unconnected cables that remain spliced onto your telephone line, probably as leftovers from an old connection to a different subscriber.

They are notorious for soaking up data frequencies. If your home line attaches to a CO through a digital pairgain link, you cannot get DSL at all. Customers who have waited all day for a telephone repairperson to show up might worry about getting DSL service from the same source.

Usually, installers do most of their work outside the house and in the background. If they have access to the terminal block on the outside of your home, they can complete the final check without having you present.

If you should buy the DSL service from another entity, it is still the telephone company that runs a new copper line for the service up to your building, or to the demarcation point. Your DSL provider must then show up to do any inside work. Sometimes the two don’t communicate well under this arrangement.

ISP employees used to routinely show up and personally install DSL hardware and software at customer sites, but they learned that most customers were willing and capable of doing it themselves. Customers also prefer to save the service charges and forego delays.

The technical uncertainties concerning the DSL signal sometimes leave the phone company with a choice of either cleaning up your telephone line or turning you down as technically not feasible.

If they decide to overhaul the line in a process known as conditioning (they are not required to do so) and additional problems occur between the phone company and your chosen ISP, a couple of months may pass before you get a firm order commitment (FOC). This is the date at which outside wiring is scheduled to connect to your minimum point of entry (MPOE).

Your ISP should let you know when that is and whether or not you will have to be present to let the telephone installers into your yard. Depending on how the trunk lines are distributed, you may be eligible and your neighbor may be out of bounds. Fortunately, the phone company can send a test signal down the line before you buy.

This evaluation will usually, not always, prevent a disappointment when the delivery truck drops off your new DSL modem. Over time, the Telcos and ISPs are becoming better coordinated. Some of them can team up to deliver service in a week.

Different varieties of DSL modems are available, and the kind that connects to your telephone line will depend on the equipment your phone company uses at the other end of the line. If you do not select your phone company as your ISP, you may wait for your ISP to deliver the appropriate modem to you.

That can happen weeks after your telephone company says the line is ready. Even if you live across the street from a switching office there may not be any DSL equipment inside of it, ready and waiting for your connection.

Telephone companies are installing fiber, routers, and Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers (DSLAMs) as fast as they can, or rather, as fast as they can afford to. But in order to bill the most new users first, they prefer to install in concentrated urban areas, so that a CO may be fully utilized from the day it goes online.

Smaller companies, known as Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLECs), have jumped into the race to grab and hold new customers, but if you live in a rural area, you still may have to wait until someone gets around to you.

Most ISPs provide a range of horsepower and service choices, bundling in extras such as multiple email addresses and personal web pages. The competition for new customers is so great that many are giving away the initial setup costs, the DSL modem, and throwing in a cut monthly rate as signup incentives.

Many actually lose money on the deal at first, hoping to gain profits if you stay happy and stay subscribed for years. Typically, $70 per month will get you 1.5 Mbps downstream. That price gets hiked if you declare yourself to be a business customer.

Shopping around will save you far more than it will cost. Although you may have trouble getting through on the tech support line, you will find that the salespeople will pick up their phones comparatively quickly.

TRENDnet TEW-429UF 54Mbps Wireless G USB Adapter with HotSpot Detector with 512Mb Storage

Product Description

The 802.11g Wireless & 512MB Flash Memory Combo USB Adapter with HotSpot Detector incorporates a Wi-Fi Detector, a wireless adapter, and a USB flash drive into an all-in-one mobile solution. Scan nearby hotspots and view site survey information with the built-in LCD. Store files such as business presentations, family photos, or other important documents.

This arrived fast, works great after downloading the right driver for my computer and finding out how to connect to the proper network. If nothing else is said, the range is good, runs at a nice speed , and great for online browsing at home. I like it!!


This is a very good multi-purpose gadget. Pretty cool. Everything works as promised and the 2 5-star reviews I've read are dead on. It seems to support all the various types of wireless encryption in use today. It works with my linksys wireless-g router full speed no problem. The included software is neat, clean and simple (the way software should be written). If you're a tech-geek (and even if you aren't) you will appreciate this gadget. Worth the 80 bucks.

A few things on my wish list for the next version:
* More space on the flash drive
* Built in encryption on the flash drive
* Some way to turn of the network adapter (so I can just use the flash drive on a machine without being prompted to install new (network) hardware).
* Display unnamed networks (i.e., those that don't broadcast SSID)
* A soft leatherette type case that allows you to press buttons & view display.
* Software should allow you to configure a profile not to auto-connect. The current implementation only allows you to set the priority of all configured networks so if it can't connect to the first network on the list it will always try the next one on the list.
* An MP3 player, satellite radio and a camera (just kidding)


A brilliant and effective combination of a USB drive with Wifi detector. As a road warrior who needs frequent connectivity, I can use this well-designed devise to not only let me know if a Wifi signal exists, but whether it's secure or open, the band and other signal details. In short, it helps me to move to a workable location without having to boot each time I want to test for a usable signal!


What I like most about this device is the fact that you can store up to 512 megabytes of information on it as a USB flash drive, but it doubles as a WiFi network detector. You can use it to find a hotspot available wherever your are.

The device plugs into your USB port to double as a 512 MB flash drive and a wireless client device (an 802.11b/g USB network interface card). The adapter supports WPA and WPA2 both Enterprise (needing a RADIUS server) and Personal (also known as pre-shared key) for enhanced security beyond the extremely weak WEP encryption.

The coolest part, to me, was the fact that, since there is a built-in flash drive, the drivers for the device automatically install from the drive. That's right! You can plug this baby into any Windows XP laptop or desktop and configure wireless network access without the need for CDs for device drivers. Wow! What a concept!

I am the author of the Wireless# Certification Official Study Guide and the CWSP (Certified Wireless Security Professional) Certification Official Study Guide from McGraw-Hill, because of this, I've tested and reviewed hundreds of wireless devices. This one tops my list. If you travel a lot, it is a must have. If you want a cool toy (to show off to your friends at work) get it too!

Sadly, they've removed the ability for this device to act like an access point (software-based AP), but that is still in the older TEW-429UB available here at Amazon.com. This older model did not have the 512 MB flash drive. I guess we can't have it all (yet).

-Tom Carpenter

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About TRENDnet TEW-429UF 54Mbps Wireless G USB Adapter with HotSpot Detector with 512Mb Storage detail

• Brand: TRENDnet
• Model: TEW-429UF
• Dimensions: .0" h x .0" w x .0" l, 3.00 pounds
• Networking: Hi-Speed USB

Features

• Sold Individually

Read more TRENDnet TEW-429UF 54Mbps Wireless G USB Adapter with HotSpot Detector with 512Mb Storage

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Security of WLAN Application

There are two common approaches for user applications in wireless devices: WAP (Wireless Application Protocol), and applications based on the two standard component approaches, J2ME and .NET.

The latter include standard object-oriented applications or applications using Web services. Middleware software supports wireless applications at both the client and server sides. Devices using Bluetooth can use Java or .NET.

WAP

WAP is a thin-client (micro browser) development protocol specifically designed for development of user applications. WAP uses WML (Wireless Markup Language) and WMLScript to develop applications that can be interpreted at the browser and accessed at the server using HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol).

WAP requires a gateway to the wired Internet, and cannot store and process data locally. WAP uses WTLS (Wireless Transport Layer Security) [Ash01]. This protocol provides confidentiality, integrity, and authentication and uses RSA cryptography, but can also use Elliptic Curve Cryptography.

It is based on the IETF SSL/TLS (Internet Engineering Task Force Secure Socket Layer and Transport Layer Security) protocols. WTLS provides security for communications between the WAP wireless device and the WAP gateway (discussed later).

Current WAP devices use Class 2 WTLS, which enforces server-side authentication using public key certificates similar to the SSL/TLS protocols. Future Class 3 devices will also allow client-side authentication using certificates. This level will use a WAP Identity Module (WIM), with mandatory support for RSA public keys and optional support for ECC.

Web Services

A Web service is a component or set of functions accessible through the Web that can be incorporated into an application. Web services expose an XML (eXtensive Markup Language) interface, can be registered and located through a registry, communicate using XML messages using standard Web protocols, and support loosely coupled connections between systems.

Web services represent the latest approach to distribution and are considered an important technology for business integration and collaboration. Wireless devices can access Web services using SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol). Web services are still not widely used in portable devices.

The limited processing power of portable devices and the lack of network reliability are serious obstacles for a full implementation. Using appropriate gateway middleware, it is however possible for portable devices to access Web services. There are several toolkits that simplify the process of building applications using Web services.

For example, Java-based client systems can use Sun ONE and kSOAP, while server-side systems can be built with Sun or IBM toolkits. There are similar tools for .NET-based systems. In addition to the specific designs used, security also depends on the security of these component platforms.

The richness of Web services brings along a new set of security problems. All the attacks that are possible in wired systems are also possible in wireless systems using Web services, e.g., viruses, buffer overflow attacks, message interception, denial of service, etc.

Web services introduce several extra layers in the system architecture and we have to consider the unique security problems of these layers. Since these are layers that run on top of the platform layers, the security of the platforms is still fundamental for the security of the complete system.

Wireless systems using Web services have to face, in addition, the general vulnerabilities of wireless networks and may also add new security problems to these networks although this aspect has not been explored in detail.

There is also a variety of standards for Web services security and a designer of wireless devices should follow at least the most important ones to be able to have a credibly secure system.

On the other hand, the extra layers bring more flexibility and fineness for security; for example, encryption can be applied at the XML element level and authorization can be applied to specific operations in a Web service interface.

This greater security precision allows applying policies in a finer and more flexible way. WAP applications have fewer security risks compared to Web services. On the other hand, their functionality is considerably lower.

Personalized Information

An important mobile application aspect is the delivery of personalized information to subscribers. Using specialized interfaces, users are able to select services offered by some companies; for example, lists of stores who have sales, stock market alerts, etc. Some of these services may be location-dependent, e.g., lists of nearby restaurants.

Clearly, the companies that provide these services need to control access to their customer information, which in addition to the usual information about credit and Social Security Numbers now includes a privacy aspect (the company is able to track the client movements).

Access Control to Sensitive Information in or through the Device

The portable device may contain files that need to be restricted in access and it is the function of its operating system to perform this control. Control of types of access is important; for example, a user may play a song, but she may not copy it. This type of control can complement other types of digital rights management.

When portable devices need to access corporate databases, some type of Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) is necessary where users can access specific data related to applications such as banking, shopping, health, navigation, and surveillance.

Management and enforcement of application and institution constraints can be performed following PMI (Privilege Management Infrastructure). PMI is a standard of International Telecommunication Union ITU X.509.

Viruses and Other Malware

With increase in functions, the typical problems of larger systems are also appearing in portable devices. One of these problems is attacks by viruses. The first portable virus to appear was Liberty, followed shortly by Phage.

The WML script language used by WAP can also be a source of possible attacks. The devices do not distinguish between script code from the phone or downloaded from potentially insecure sites, all of it executes with the same rights.

An infected device can be used to launch denial of service attacks on other devices or the network. Similarly to wired systems, up-to-date antivirus programs are needed. Companies such as Symantec, McAfee, and Trend Micro have specialized products for handheld devices.

Downloaded Contents

Downloaded contents may include malicious software Another issue is the control of unauthorized copying of downloaded contents, such as music, wallpaper, and games. This is a problem of digital rights management.

Location Detection

Location detection is a problem unique to mobile devices. The actual location of the device should be kept hidden in some cases for privacy or for strategic reasons. It is possible to control access to VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) by associating users with access points. There are products that can keep track of users and access points and use this information for network administration.

Operating System Security

Portable devices have evolved from having ad hoc supervisors to standard operating systems. Some systems use the Java run-time system as supervisor. High-end cell phones run complete operating systems such as Palm OS or Microsoft Windows CE, and provide IP networking capabilities for Web browsing, e-mail, and instant messaging.

Some typical security features include:

• unique device identifier â€" this can be provided and can be accessed by an application.
• A kernel configuration with enhanced protection â€" this allows using the protected kernel mode, instead of the full-kernel mode, while running threads to prevent accessing certain physical memory.
• Digital authentication in the dial-up boot loader â€" the dial-up boot loader is a program in ROM used to upgrade the OS image file (NK.bin) using flash memory or a remote server. The OS image file should be signed using digital encryption to verify its integrity before it is downloaded.

Smartphone is a Windows CE-based cellular phone that comes bundled with a set of applications, such as address book, e-mail, and calendar. The provider that sells the Smartphone can limit the devices’ ability to load and run programs. A locked cell phone either restricts unsigned applications or does not run them at all.

Depending on the provider, an encryption key may be needed to run the application, but cell phone codes have been successfully cracked. It is clear that, similar to larger systems, the operating system is fundamental for security.

Because many of the security flaws of Microsoft’s operating systems come from their general approach to systems design, one should watch out for similar problems in their small OSs.

The utilities of the OS are the main culprit in the attacks that have happened in wired systems and it is important to have utilities with strong security. For example, some products attempt to improve the security of e-mail systems.

Linksys Rangeplus Wireless PC Adapter

Product Description

The RangePlus Wireless PCI Adapter installs in most desktop and tower PCs, and lets you put your computer almost anywhere in the building without the hassle of running network cables. The Wireless PCI Adapter uses smart antenna technology to achieve extended range. Unlike ordinary wireless networking technologies that are confused by signal reflections, the Multiple In, Multiple Out (MIMO) technology actually uses these reflections to increase the range and reduce dead spots in the wireless coverage area. The robust signal travels farther, maintaining wireless connections much farther than standard Wireless-G. With MIMO, the farther away you are, the more speed advantage you get. It works great with standard Wireless-G and B equipment, but when both ends of the wireless link are MIMO enabled, the router can increase the throughput even more by using twice as much radio band. Once you're connected, you can surf the web, keep in touch with your e-mail, and share files and other resources such as printers and network storage with other computers on the network. To protect your data and privacy, your wireless connection is secured by up to 256-bit encryption. The included Setup Wizard will walk you through configuring the adapter to your network's settings, step by step. System Requirements - 600 MHz or faster PC, 256MB RAM, CD-ROM drive, Available PCI slot, Windows 2000, XP or Vista Dimensions 4.96 x 0.87 x 4.76 (126x22x121mm)

I bought this wireless desktop card at a local store. Put it in my desktop PC running MS Vista and Ubuntu Linux. 2 out of 5 bars on the wifi meter on my PC. WTF? And this is with a wifi card with TWO antennas? Is my Desktop PC in another room with walls separating it from my wireless router? NO! My PC is in the same fricken room at the router, about six meters away and NO walls between. Unbelievably horrible reception. My laptop computer sits about 2 meters from my Linksys wifi router and gets 5 out of 5 bars reception, and gets 2/5 bars reception upstairs through walls and a floor, so it is NOT a problem with the router. I paid $75 with tax for this card and I am going to return it, shamefully horrible reception! The only positive note I can give for this card is that it worked out of the box with not only MS Vista but also Ubuntu Linux 8.10



I got this router for my wife's computer, running Windows XP. It worked perfectly fine on that computer. Do to rearranging the rooms in our house, we switched it to my computer which is running Vista. Freezes the computer every time, sometimes not even allowing it to get to the login screen.

If you have Vista installed, or ever intend to, DO NOT buy this card.

I gave this card a 1 star rating because of misleading advertising on the box. The box states that it is Windows Vista certified. As I stated earlier in the review, it worked great in Windows XP.


Pros: Works fine with XP and AMD

Cons: Signal strength is weak (I get only 2 bars)

I did not install the software but only the drivers hoping for better performance. I first plugged in the card and then when the OS found the new hardware, I selected the manual install option (drivers from the CD). Installation was simple, quick, and easy. I have not observed any slow down and my system is stable. I replaced one of the supplied antennas with a D-Link DWL-M60AT wireless one and I got excellent strength (full bars). With the external antenna the connection is perfect.


The box mentions "Certified for Vista", but it's total bull. On their own website, Linksys mentions that they have no plans to support Vista, but that didn't stop them from combining shoddy Vista drivers that will freeze your system and require turning off and on the computer in order to continue.

Don't buy this product or any Linksys product. Vista isn't the problem, it's distributors like Linksys that won't take the time to program and test their drivers that's the problem.


WMP110 adapter was installed on desktop using Windows XP SP2 32 bit. It always had full bars to the router, yet it couldn't hold onto the internet connection for more than 5 minutes. Went through a ton of troubleshooting procedures and hours with Linksys reps, but nothing helped. I don't recommend this product.

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About Linksys Rangeplus Wireless PC Adapter detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #4148 in Consumer Electronics
• Brand: Linksys
• Model: WMP110
• Platform: Windows
• Format: CD
• Original language: English
• Dimensions: 1.90" h x 6.10" w x 9.40" l, 3.00 pounds
• Networking: PCI

Features

• Box Contents - RangePlus Wireless PCI Adapter, Setup Wizard CD-ROM, User Guide on CD-ROM, Quick Installation Guide, and Antennas
• High-speed wireless networking for your desktop computer
• MIMO smart antenna technology captures faint signals for extended range and reduced dead spots
• Much faster than Wireless-G when connected to Wireless-N, but also works great with Wireless-G and -B devices
• Supports WEP (64 and 128-bit), WPA and WPA2 (Personal and Enterprise) encryption security

Read more Linksys Rangeplus Wireless PC Adapter

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Spectec SDW-822 WiFi 802.11b MiniSD Mini SD SDIO Wireless LAN Network Card Motorola Version (Q8/Q9/Q9m/Q GSM)

Product Description

Have a PDA or smartphone with a Mini SD slot, but no wireless networking? spectec's latest WLAN card, the SDW-822, brings 802.11b connectivity to your smartphone or PDA. No bigger than your thumb, this card will securely connect you to the web whenever and wherever you are in the world. This card is even smaller than previous spectec SD-Wifi card.Network Standard Support IEEE 802.11bNetwork Architectures < STA (AD-hoc and infrastructure) and AP mode< DCF / PCFFrequency 2.4 GHZ band Direct conversion transceiverSecurity 40-128 bit WEP, TKIP, WPA; AES, WPAII, LEAP, PEAP (COMPATIBLE) Radio Type IEEE 802.11b support DSSS systemOperating Channels 1-14 channelsDate Rate 1 , 2 ,5.5 ,11 Mbps Date RatePower Consumption < Avg. Operation: 95 -105mA< Receive mode: 60 mA< Transmit mode: 116 mA for 15 dBm PoutOperating Voltage 3.0 V - 3.5 VOS Support Windows Mobile 5.0 / 6.0

For those people out there that are more money conscious about their phone services like me, Getting one of these guys is a nice alternative.
Spectec makes these card is a few different flavors. If you have a phone like mine, make sure you get the Motorola specific card. I was tempted to by one that was not on my first purchase because of the price and finally realized that it was the wrong model card because the drivers would not install. This card is also available in wireless G too, but is 20-30 bucks more. This B version works fine.

I Have a Motorala Q9c from Verizon running Windows mobile 6.1, and I would rather not pay the extra 30+ dollars every month for mobile internet service, since I already have the mobile broadband card in my laptop and pretty much carry it around everywhere as an IT professional. I bought the wifi card and then called verizon to turn off my internet ability to prevent changes.

When I found out there was a Wifi add-on card I became very interested. I bought this card with the intention to pop it in whenever I might have the need to check something on the Internet and with any luck, there would be an open network near by.. Or if I am feeling lazy about pulling out my laptop and just give check a few things in the morning on my phone instead.

With these things being said. It pretty much functions as advertised and satisfies my need for Internet on the phone for the most part. If you think you will need the internet most of the day, stick with the paid service or get this card to help keep the kilobit charges at bay.
When this card is active its pretty much free Internet on open or secure networks. A few other things to note are: for one, when the card is enabled, the phone can really burn though you battery if your aggressively using the internet. Secondly, the wifi card sticks out enough that its probably not good practice to keep it in all the time. I drop my phone sometimes and with this card sticking out, it would be a quick end to it all.

One thing as a side note about smartphones is that there is numerous add-on internet applications for the phone that makes smart phones more useful, sort of like an Iphone but not as cool. Anyway, if you have one these phones and are not taking advantage of the improving mobile web, you missing out.

When learning more about this product initially, there was not much information to really feel that it was going to work ok. Feel comfortable that I have got it going for my phone at it likely to work on yours as well.


it works fine but is one that you have to take out all the time i have lost 2 because i could not store them in the pda so not that great of a buy


This card has such limited range that it is almost useless. You have to be extremely close to a router in order to connect.


The Spectec SDW-822 works fine. The only catch is its size, because the card is bigger than the slot, therefore, you cannot carry the MotoQ with the card inserted or you'll risk breaking it. You'll have to plug it when needed and unplug it when finishe using it.

Apart from that, work as expected.


the newer Q9m has the SDIO port, the Q only has the memory port. other reviews show that it works flawlessly.

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About Spectec SDW-822 WiFi 802.11b MiniSD Mini SD SDIO Wireless LAN Network Card Motorola Version (Q8/Q9/Q9m/Q GSM) detail

• Brand: Spectec
• Model: SDW-822
• Dimensions: .79" h x .6" w x 1.10" l, .1 pounds

Features

• MINI SD: Worlds Smallest SD WLAN Card: 28 x 20 x 1.4 mm (1/3 the size of major competitors)
• Requires Windows Mobile 5/6 and Motorola Q GSM or later hardware
• Interface: SD I/O Ver.1.0 (Support Ver.1.1 or later), IEEE802.11b / Wi-Fi compliance
• Surf Wifi Hotspots: Coffee shops, airports, hotels and etc.
• NOTE: Special version only works with Motorola Q - purchase regular version of SDW-822 for non-Motorola.

Read more Spectec SDW-822 WiFi 802.11b MiniSD Mini SD SDIO Wireless LAN Network Card Motorola Version (Q8/Q9/Q9m/Q GSM)

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NETGEAR FVG318 ProSafe 802.11G Wireless VPN Firewall 8

Product Description

This ProSafe 802.11g Wireless VPN Firewall 8 offers wired and wireless connectivity and business class protection for small office and remote/branch office users. It combines five functions in a single, compact package - Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI) firewall, 802.11g wireless access point, IPSec Virtual Private Network (VPN) appliance, NAT router, and eight-port Fast Ethernet switch. Powerful and standards-based, it delivers both 10 and 100 Mbps connections for wired devices, plus 802.11b/g devices and speeds up to 108 Mbps. This complete solution offers high-performance features in a space-saving, easy-to-use design.

Poor experience with this product - it proved to be extremely unreliable.

Setup was quick with the documentation provided including handling fixed IP addresses and the wireless setup including security was painless. However in operation it was dropping connectivity within a couple of hours requiring a power off and power on cycle. Sometime the wired access would drop and other times the wireless, often both. I spent three + hours on the phone with Netgear technical "pro" support which included shutting off all machines except one and upgrading to the latest firmware with no material improvement after two days of operation. The next step was an RMA and the replacement unit arrived in a couple of days with the same result.

As this box could not deliver a reliable connection for the 5 laptops, 1 desktop, 1 server, Airtunes and a Print Server - I replaced it with the following setup.

(1) a Linksys BEF SR41 for the Router and (2) a Linksys WAP 54G for the wireless access point

The setup experience was straightforward and the operation since then has been flawless - not a single drop and no re-boots.


While researching this product, I found many, many negative reviews. But, in the end, being able to get a Netgear VPN, firewall, router and wireless capability for 100 dollars less than buying the VPN and wireless access point separately was too much to pass up. As I have often found with networking (especially wireless) products, the underlying issue of the large number of negative reviews is people's lack of understanding of networking and/or inability to properly configure the device. In the case of this device, the configuration issue did turn out to be quite a headache, but the persistence was well worth it. If you are having trouble getting it configured, especially the part of upgrading the firmware, check out some of the reviews on NewEgg-- it made the difference for me. Once I got the firmware upgraded, the rest of the configuration was very similar to all the other Netgear products I own, and it has been a very solid performer for over a month now.


I too had a poor experience with this device. There are a LOT of updates and fixes available for the problems described by the other reviewer, but unfortunately they are only available for the "V2" device. Amazon shares part of the blame for the problem since I ordered my device WELL after the V2 released but Amazon sent me one of the "old stock" V1 devices.

After performing all possible V1 updates, tuning, tweaks, etc. I was ready to return the device. I decided that I would give the V2 firmware a try (yes, it may void your warranty, but if the device is an absolute piece of trash anyway...)

The "good news" is that the V2 firmware loaded just fine and performs "as advertised" - just no warranty. DDNS actually works for me with the V2 firmware, and all my VPN tunnels also all work without any issues. My device is used in a light business / heavy home user environment with 5 persistent VPN tunnels and I have not noticed any performance related issues, random resets, or dropped connections after the V2 flash upgrade.

Shame on Netgear for not offering an upgrade path from V1 to V2 (partial credit or something).

Shame on Netgear for not supporting the V2 software on the V1 device (since the V2 software is the only thing that makes the device usable).

Shame on Amazon for not returning all their old stock to Netgear and offering their customers the latest version of the product - my main complaint here is that if I purchase a book that has multiple revisions, at least I am told, and therfore able to select which revision of the book I would like to purchase. This was not the case with my purchase of the firewall.

CM


I retruned the product to Amazon and have not yet received my credit for the return.

The product did not work as advertised. Would not retain configuration across cold boots of the device. When ever there was a power failure I had to reconfigure the device. I had purchased two of them and both of them had the problem.

The DDNS does not work. Netgear acknowedgeds the problem, however, they are not willing to put out a firmware release to fix it. Instead they suggested I purchase another one of their products which was less secure, but has DDNS that worked. This after nearly two weeks of dealing with technical support with speech that I could hardly understand and that did not even know about the DDNS feature.

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About NETGEAR FVG318 ProSafe 802.11G Wireless VPN Firewall 8 detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #12006 in Consumer Electronics
• Brand: Netgear
• Model: FVG318NA
• Dimensions: 1.57" h x 9.92" w x 7.10" l, 2.65 pounds

Features

• Wireless and Wired VPN with 8-port 10/100 Mbps switch
• Business-class security includes SPI firewall and an Intrusion Detection System
• 802.11g wireless access point provides up to 108 Mbps throughput
• Eight dedicated VPN tunnels to protect links between locations
• Device measures 9.92 x 1.57 x 7.1 inches (WxHxD)

Read more NETGEAR FVG318 ProSafe 802.11G Wireless VPN Firewall 8

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NETGEAR WN311B RangeMax Next Wireless-N PCI Adapter

Product Description

Just when you thought it was safe to go in to the wireless ocean, a new standard emerges. The next generation is 802.11n - faster than 802.11a/b/g. Fear not, the new standard is backward compatible to work with all previous WiFi networks. But when 802.11n is present, you'll enjoy next generation speed and performance with this PCI card for your desktop PC.
RangeMax Next extends the possibilities of your wireless home network by providing wireless speeds of up to 270Mbps. This next generation wireless standard utilizes advanced MIMO (Multi-In, Multi-Out) technology, which delivers incredible speed and range, and for the first time provides wireless interoperability at the highest speeds. A RangeMax Next wireless network creates and maintains stable connections and enough bandwidth to surf the Internet, download MP3s, make Internet phone calls, share files, play network games, and stream high-definition videos, simultaneously at any distance or location in the home or small office. Because RangeMax Next is compatible with all legacy b and g wireless products, you are sure to be connected. Preset internal antennas provide maximum performance and high-quality streaming every time. Touchless WiFi Security makes creating the highest level of network security easy and includes WEP, WPA-PSK, or WPA2-PSK. Setup is simple thanks to netgear's Smart Wizard and 24/7 technical support. Perfect for streaming video and music, online gaming and networking multiple PCs Delivers high performance Wireless-N range and speed Easy set up with Smart Wizard installation software Maximum performance requires use with netgear Wireless-N routers

This adapter work great once it is installed.
After following the instructions to the letter, and wasted 90 minutes of my life, I had to call Netgear customer service who were not able to get my adapter to work. They finally told me to return it.
Before doing so, I decided to give it another try.
I first restore my Vista OS to a restore point 3-4 month old.
Then made sure the driver, or part of it, was deleted (used "Add remove software" from Control panel). I then reinstall the adapter driver but this time I waited roughly 15 minutes before turning off the computer to manually install the adapter in a PCI slot. Next, I turned on my computer and waited another 10-15 minutes before seing a window opening up asking me different configuration questions to finish the installation of my adapter, and then HOURRAY! My adapter finally started working. I think my initial problems were due to badly written instructions from Netgear. It tells you to run the driver instal file and then wait for a window telling you to turn off your computer and manually install your adapter. The issue is that when you get this window, the driver is not fully install yet. You can see a small pop-up message (that cannot be close) under the previously mentioned window that says something about the driver being install. YOU HAVE TO WAIT FOR THIS MESSAGE TO DISAPPEAR BEFORE TURNING OFF YOUR COMPUTER. ET VOILA! Just be patient and the rest will go find.


I installed this unit and have been very happy with my surfing speed and signal strength! Unit was very easy to install and apply.


I don't know where they are manufacturing the new netgear stuff, but it is all absolute garbage. I bought this card in a pinch, and I have many years PC and network experience. As usual, the Netgear software didn't work, and would not work on DHCP. The fix was to give a static IP. Negear was good a few years ago, but now it is all worthless garbage that doesnt work and the drivers which you must use are all buggy software.


Since I installed this wireless PC adapter it has been great. My daughter and I both use the internet alot and now she can be on with her laptop in the other room while I am taking care of business. It is really easy to install this on your own. Even if you only have basic computer knowledge. I would definitely recommend it.


I purchased the router with seven 311 access cards, for use on computers that interface with financial websites. Router would NOT allow connections--unplug the router and it works fine. Seems there is a firmware problem. Tech Support is worse than banging your head against the wall. First they send you to morans in India, where accent and common sense stretch your ability to get anything accomplished, after 45 min on the phone to re-confirm the data registration. Then stupid questions that make you sure that Netgear wants you to figure it out for yourself long before you finish the phone call. If your problem persists, then you are sent to tech support in the Phillipines, where again you wonder how these people were ever hired. If your problem still persists, you may get the phone number for tech support in the US--where they claim to either fix your problem or give a refund. That is until they hear that you bought more than one. Then another sorry excuse about they are unable to give refunds. Some phone calls to tech support have lasted over 4 hours, with NO resolution. If you are intent on throwing your money away, let me give you a post office box.....

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About NETGEAR WN311B RangeMax Next Wireless-N PCI Adapter detail

• Brand: Netgear
• Model: WN311B-100NAS
• Original language: English
• Dimensions: 2.13" h x 4.84" w x .35" l, .10 pounds
• Networking: PCI

Features

• Wireless-N PCI adapter delivers exceptional speed and range
• Delivers up to 270 Mbps of wireless throughput
• Provides up to ten times the range of 802.11g networ
• Backwards compatible with 802.11g/b wireless networks
• Device measures 4.72 x 5.04 x 1.06 inches (WxHxD)

Read more NETGEAR WN311B RangeMax Next Wireless-N PCI Adapter

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NETGEAR WPN311 RangeMax Wireless PCI Adapter

Product Description

The WPN311 RangeMax Wireless PCI Adapter makes your wireless network more powerful. Avoid hitting dead spots where your fades in and out, or drops off completely. Give yourelf the freedom to work (and play) absolutely anywhere in your home -- the RangeMax gives you 10 times the wireless coverage of 802.11g. You'll have a sizzling-fast, consistent connection in every room of your house.

I can only guess that the folks with problems might not have followed the directions. You don't put the adapter in the machine until you install the software and shut down the computer.

I'm sorry, but mine has worked flawlessly. The proprietary UI for setting up your wireless connection is really user friendly, IMO. Although Netgear isn't a well-known brand to me, I'm glad I took a risk on this non-Linksys, non-Belkin adapter. I'm getting the full 54 Mbps my router can provide, and it's downstairs and across the house.


I installed this card in my new Windows Vista computer and it connected to my wireless Netgear router with no problems. In fact, I already purchased this exact wireless card before for my other computer about a year ago and it still works great! I would highly recommend this product to everyone. Paying no tax and shipping makes this product even better :-)


It is one of 4 wireless connections I use and I have had not any major problems. I purchased it to match up with my Netgear WPN824 Rangemax wireless router. It does take a little tweaking of the antenna for strongest signals. The computer is on the far side of the house from the router over 100 feet, 4 walls and 2 doors away and I still get 54% signal strength. It is connected to a Dell Inspiron running Vista.


The NETGEAR WPN311 RangeMax Wireless PCI Adapter was delivered on time in excellent condition as advertised.




I'm still not received my product so far and I've totally forgot that I made this order. Please help...


I bought this card solely because of the 108Mbps MIMO ability, to go along with my Netgear WPN824 router which lists this as the compatible card on the back of its box.

NO WHERE, not on the box, not on the spec sheet, not in the online manual, etc does Netgear ever tell you what they told me on the phone: THIS CARD WILL NOT WORK IN 108MBPS MODE WITH WINDOWS 2000. In fact, they actually list this mode as working with XP and Win2k, but not Vista.

Well, this is bad news for me since I paid about 4 times as much for this card as I could have for a 54G PCI card, because foolishly I thought Netgear products in the same line (Rangemax) would work with each other and with the operating system they are advertised to work with. Guess I'll have to write Netgear a letter next, but I won't be buying any of their products again unless I have money to waste and feel like some experimenting and disappointment.


I got the wpn311 to use in my HP a6357c vista desktop.
I already had the matching Netgear Rangemax wpn824 wireless router that was working well with my HP vista laptop.
I was a little hesitant to open the case of the new HP because I'm a newbie and I didn't want to make a mistake that would damage it.
I followed the instructions from Netgear and installed the cd software first. Then I followed HP's website instructions and disabled the bio for lan network which was not in the Netgear papers. I can't say that that wasn't a wasted step but since I have zero experience and I didn't know any different I followed the instructions to the letter.
In any event, the card was installed and IT WORKED!
It worked right away and since that's what I wanted I am 100% satisfied.
I expect it to continue to work, but if anything changes I will add an update.



I bought this wireless card when my on-board ethernet died. Although I'm very tech savvy, I found installing the software for this card difficult. It didn't work out of the box with my Windows XP machine. I found that I had to first download and update the firmware before the card started working. Finally, if you're using this with Windows Vista, you're out of luck. Netgear doesn't have drivers for Vista.


Do not buy this lousy product. I really recommend you go with something else if your thinking wireless. Take a look at Crapgear's web sight and search the support forum for this model number and you will see that there is an issue with this adapter and XP. This company really doesn't seem to care either. Last update was in 2006 sooooo they must think their drivers are working just fine and dandy!!! This sooooooo is far from the truth. I cannot count the number of times that I uninstalled this F'in card and the drivers to try to get it to work!!! Don't pay attention to J. Temple's review that he had no problems as I can tell you that he is sorry that he bought this card now!!!!!! To J. Temple, from everybody that neg'd this card, instructions WERE followed NUMORIOUS of times!!!!!! Still with the same end result, a card that works whenever it wants to and software that likes to crash when ever it wants to or to a card that doesn't want to work at all!!!! To people who don't believe me and go ahead and buy one, don't blame me, as I warned you. Trust me from my experience with this card..... I will never buy NETGEAR AGAIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


Running XP get a blue screen due to this card 3-4 times / wk. Searched for articles or updates on the Netgear site, but of course nothing is there and I'm already on the latest patch version. Other the the unreliability, reception is pretty good and speed seems good. I would rate it 4 stars if it didn't have the major issue of crashing my system almost daily.

Since the wireless on my first Rangemax router froze almost daily as well, I can only assume there are general quality issues w/ Netgear products. Work has since been nice enough to replace the router, so we'll see if the 2nd version is more stable than the first.

UPDATE: OK, so the 2nd router is working, but I ultimately removed this card from my XP machine because of all the crashes. I have since tried using it in a new Vista machine and have installed the latest Vista driver, but have gotten periodic blue screens in Vista as well triggered by this card. I'll be removing this from the new machine in the near future and it will end up in the old computer parts graveyard. Overall, not a good buy.

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About NETGEAR WPN311 RangeMax Wireless PCI Adapter detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #11770 in Consumer Electronics
• Brand: Netgear
• Model: WPN311
• Platforms: Windows XP, Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows 2000
• Format: CD
• Original language: English
• Dimensions: 1.00" h x 5.00" w x 6.00" l, .22 pounds
• Networking: PCI

Features

• PCI card provides 802.11g wireless capability with advanced performance for up to 108 Mbps
• Delivers up to ten times the speed and range of Wireless-G networks
• Supports 128-bit WEP and WPA-PSK for enhanced security
• Backwards compatible with 802.11b wireless networks
• Device measures 5.23 x 0.86 x 4.76 inches (WxHxD)

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Installing DSL

One of the corollaries to Murphy’s Law states that “Before you do anything, you have to do something else first.” All the equipment and service providers have attempted to make the installation process as simple as possible, but it can still be confusing. A little preplanning will make your installation much less frustrating.

You may receive your boxes of hardware before the turn-up dateâ€"that is, the due date for the activation of DSL service. If so, you can use the time to get squared away on your end of the connection. Your first step, after ordering the service, will be to determine where you want the equipment to reside.

In the simplest case, you will have only one PC, so a Telco DSL modem will be installed in the phone outlet nearest the PC, perhaps the same outlet you used for your dial-up modem, if you are upgrading from one of those. If you are going to use cable DSL, the modem will have to connect to your cable outlet, which is typically close to your TV set.

If your computer room is somewhere else, you will either have to run a LAN cable to it or invest in a Wi-Fi interface to spare yourself that hassle. In either case, you will need a full-time electrical outlet to power the modem, not one that gets turned on and off frequently.

As we mention, some kind of surge suppressor for all your computer equipment is a wise investment, if for no other reason than to provide you with the multiple outlets you are going to need to power the modem, the PC, the video monitor, the printer, the scanner, or other peripherals.

One other investment you can make as you go along is to put labels on your wires. Even a Wi-Fi network may have a dozen or more AC, power adapter, peripheral and LAN cords. Labels may seem like a waste of time at first, but the more wires are added to the mix, the more they resemble each other.

The labels don’t have to be pretty or perfect, merely legible. White electrician’s tape marked with a permanent pen will suffice. The hours you spend will be recovered the first time you have to take your network apart. Here’s another general installation tip: Don’t try to do it all in one night.

Begin with the expectation that you’ll spend an hour or two, and then pick it up the following day, as well as the next. Forcing yourself leads to fatigue, frustration, and sloppy work that comes back to haunt you. If you hit a snag along the way and it’s late, there is no dishonor in setting it aside and hitting it again when you are fresh.

Often a new approach will suggest itself to you while you are relaxing. The whole process will be more enjoyable. The install kit should contain the other parts you will need:

• A step-down transformer to provide low voltage power to the modem
• A short LAN cable to connect the modem to your computer’s Ethernet port
• A telephone cable to connect the modem to a phone jack
• Several microfilters, if you are using a Telco DSL modem
• Software, on CDs or floppies
• Possibly, an Ethernet adapter card, which you will have to install if you don’t have one already
• Written instructions

New residential DSL users are sometimes provided with a combined DSL modem in the form factor of a PC add-on card. These are known as PCI DSL modems and are fine if you only want to connect one PC. Similarly, a modem USB cord only services one PC. Otherwise, your PC will have to be prepared in advance with a Network Interface Card.

Most laptops have them built in. Some ISPs will include them with the other self-install hardware. Fortunately, these interface cards are relatively inexpensive these days, should you have to buy one. Prices range from $20 to $60, and you won’t need fancy add-ons. If you are using a tabletop PC, you will have to open it up and install the card yourself.

Newer NICs move data as fast as 100 Mbps, which is considerably faster than the 10 Mbps (10BaseT) socket on your modem. Wi-Fi access point/routers have at least one wired outlet for connections to existing LANs, and these ports run at 100 Mbps.

We will assume that you plan on installing a Wi- Fi network. It is still a good idea to set it up initially as your DSL provider expects. That is, as a single PC wired directly to your DSL modem. Starting this way, instead of cabling everything at once, enables you to build up your network in simple stages.

You will have confidence that the next addition will work if you know that you are building on a working foundation. Going at it in a step-by-step fashion makes troubleshooting much easier, because you know that the defective piece of the puzzle is the one you added last.

And finally, if something does go wrong with your home network, the DSL provider will only troubleshoot their portion of the network. Your tech support advisor will insist that you disconnect any routers, access points, or firewalls so that the ISP’s technician can concentrate on their own equipment.

After you have installed the NIC card into an empty PCI slot on your PC and reassembled your computer, you will have to install the software given to you by the card provider, whether that is the manufacturer or your DSL company. This consists of inserting the CD-ROM sent with the card and following the instructions.

You are going to have to know some unique identifying numbers:

• Your own IP address, if you have been given a static address. Set the card for dynamic addressing or Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) if not.
• Your subnet mask.
• The interface’s gateway address.
• DNS addresses.
• Login type: PPPoE or PPP over ATM (PPPoA).
• Login name and password.

You may be able to get these from your ISP in advance of your service activation, so that you will be ready to go when the day arrives. Telco technicians will install full-rate DSL connections, but the home version you will buy will involve a little labor on your part.

The self-install kits shipped along with residential DSL modems do not require the use of tools. One of your tasks will be to plug a microfilter into every active telephone jack to isolate the DSL signal from your telephones. Empty phone sockets do not need microfilters, nor does the socket serving the DSL modem.

If you have two or more telephone lines, you need only install filters on the line that will be serving the DSL modem. Microfilters resemble footlong extension cords for telephones with a lump at the end. Their purpose is to pass voice, but block high-frequency data signals, leaving those exclusively for the DSL modem to use.

It’s a good idea to count the phones, fax machines, and answering machines that will reside on the same line as your DSL modem and tell your DSL provider in advance how many microfilters you will need.

Every item on the shared line will need a filter, including the satellite TV decoder’s phone line.You can also buy more yourself from electronics stores if you are in a hurry or you add a telephone.

Microfilters also protect certain telephones. Although you cannot hear noise at 4 kHz, it has been known to produce static and whining in some telephones. Also, the data signal can confuse phones equipped with automatic level controls. Check the phone for the presence of a dial tone after you’ve installed the filters as you go from jack to jack.

Wall phones are a special case, but you will be provided with an adapter plate that is sandwiched between the wall phone and the base. After you install the adapter onto the base, the phone will hang on the adapter plate. If you don’t have spare phone jacks near your PC, you’ll be provided with a two-for-one splitter.

This small adapter simply converts one plug into two sockets. You use one of the sockets for the DSL modem without any filters and the other with a microfilter for the telephone. With everything set, installation is fairly simple:

1. Turn all the power off.
2. Plug one end of your short Ethernet jumper cable into the socket on your NIC card in your PC.
3. The other end goes into the corresponding socket on the modem. This can be labeled LAN, Ethernet, or 10BaseT. If you are using a model equipped with a USB cable, plug that into an open USB port in the PC.
4. Plug one end of the RJ-11 (phone) wire into the socket on the modem. This can be labeled line,WAN, or DSL. The other end goes into a phone jack (or the two-to-one adapter) just as though the modem were a telephone.
5. Plug the cord from the power adapter transformer into the modem.
6. Plug the transformer into a live wall outlet. Turn on the modem.
7. The power indicator on the modem should light. Then other indicators will blink to show that the modem is testing itself and trying to connect to the telephone company equipment or the cable company. Check the instructions that came with it to see what the lights mean and what they should normally look like. If the sync light comes on, your line may be live.
8. Turn on your PC. After it boots, if your NIC is working properly, it should show a green indicator light, meaning that it “sees” the DSL modem. The modem should have a similar indicator to show that it sees the NIC card.

In addition to the software drivers and IP protocol stacks that you installed to make the NIC card operate, you may also have to install software specific to your ISP. Many of them use a version of the same protocol designed originally for telephone modems, known as PPP.

Your DSL variant takes these packets and sends them over an Ethernet connection, thus giving us the protocol PPPoE. This is not included as part of the standard Windows package. If your ISP uses this method, you will have to install the software for it as well, independently of your NIC.

The software package enables your DSL modem to connect when you first turn it on, since your PC will have to supply a login name and password, just as for dial-ups.

You may be tempted to try out your connection in advance of the due date if everything is in place. It may work, although you have no reason to expect it to. If you’ve been used to a telephone dial-up, you will be pleasantly shocked at how fast your new high-speed connection runs.

It’s not as quick as industrial links, but subjectively it will be hard for you to tell the difference between it and a 10 or 100 Mbps connection, because content providers usually can’t deliver data much faster than you can receive it at home. After your broadband PC is running, here are two cautions.

First, don’t throw out your old telephone modem. If you lose your DSL connection, the dial-up will be your only door to the world and a troubleshooting tool as well. For example, your dial-up is a simple way to determine that your login and password are still valid.

Secondly, as you graduate to a Wi-Fi LAN, don’t throw away your PPPoE software. It will peacefully coexist, unused, on your laptop or other PC. You will need that for troubleshooting as well. Your DSL and/or ISP will insist that all unknown or (as they view it) nonstandard equipment is taken out of the connection before they even start to investigate.

After comparison shopping you should be able to pick the best way to make your home one strand of the World Wide Web. Research is the first and most important step toward building your home Wi-Fi network.

D-Link DIR-855 Xtreme N Duo Dualband Draft 802.11n Media Router

Product Description

The d-link Xtreme N Duo Media Router (DIR-855) is the latest addition to the Award-winning Xtreme N product family. The Duo technology in the DIR-855 supports dualband (2.4GHz & 5GHz) wireless signals at the same time. This allows you to check e-mail and browse the Internet using the 2.4GHz band while simultaneously streaming High-Definition (HD) movies and other media on the 5GHz band. The DIR-855 is designed for users looking to get a true HD wireless connection that can handle multiple HD video streams throughout the house, while being backward compatible with your existing 802.11g products.With some routers, all wired and wireless traffic, including Voice over IP (VoIP), Video Streaming, Online Gaming, and Web browsing are mixed together into a single data stream. By handling data this way, applications like Streaming Video could pause or delay. With the d-link Intelligent QoS Prioritization Technology, wired and wireless traffic are analyzed and separated into multiple data streams. These streams are then categorized by sensitivity to delay, so applications like VoIP, Video Streaming, and Online Gaming are given priority over Web browsing. This enables multiple applications like Streaming Video and Gaming to stream smoothly to your TV or PC.

So I just set up my new router yesterday. We recently got fiber optic internet here locally and this router works AMAZING. In the past I've had Netgear, then a Linksys (which I absolutely hated), then another Netgear, and now a D-Link. I have two routers set up in my home because we have a detached 4 seasons room and one router wont cover that entire area. So I have the Netgear WNDR3300 on the main floor to cover part of that and the 4 seasons room and then the D-Link upstairs on the opposite side of the house. The Netgear is dual band but the N doesnt reach far at all. You can be quite a ways away and still get G but no N. With the D-Link I think I dont think I have ever lost N signal. It has absolutely amazing range. I think if I really wanted to I could have the D-Link centrally located and be able to reach outside without a problem.

I was a little apprehensive at first because it was $270 (I could have bought two more Netgear WNDR3300's for less than that and had the same range) but the D-Link had the USB port so I opted to spend the extra cash so I could have a networked hard drive. I did have an issue with my computer freezing up (running 64 bit Vista Ultimate) when I was trying to install the driver to access the USB. I never got the problem fixed but I plan on calling D-Link tomorrow to see whats going on. That is the only problem I have had. Actually I can safely say that my computer illiterate grandpa could have set up my network yesterday. The installation disc tells you exactly what to do and shows you a picture. So basically if you have no clue what you are doing, you will still probably be just fine hooking this up yourself.


I've been through nearly a dozen routers in the last 8 years. Sometimes the updates were for technology changes, but most of the time they were to get away from problems with the previous router. Most recently, I nearly lost my mind with a Netgear Rangemax than constantly dropped connectivity. Since I hooked upthis router, I have been in heaven. With 3 laptops, 1 desktop, a printer, an xbox 360, and a PS3 all hooked up at the same time, I've experienced no loss of connectivity AND, in most cases, no drop in speed. The router IS expensive, but it is DEFINITELY worth it.


The routers "N" speed is great. However the range is a little disappointing. I had expected a little more from it. But this is my first "N" router. So maybe this is normal. I really have no issues with it. Even the range only goes down outside of my house, so it's not really an issue. It works great for all my needs. I mainly bought this router for its dual band function. And it was well worth it. I'm running both 2.4ghz and 5ghz from the router without any problems. And speed is still awesome. Cost is the only reason I dropped a star.


This is a piece of garbage very poor design weak signal is the biggest problem, even with the three antennas. They even had recalls when unit was first put on market for miswired antennas. It caused bad performance problems I heard. LOL it couldn't be any worse then it is now unless you consider no signal. Two cans with string would give a better signal. For the price this unit is horrible. It should be priced way lower based on its performance. See my review on the D-Link DWA-160 adaptor where I give a little more detail on this router and give my review on the DWA-160. I brought this router here on Amazon big mistake, I can't return for my money back, and of course they are way out of state from where I live in Toms River, NJ. I may sell on Ebay to try and get some money back to buy a better router.


The DLINK DIR-855 router is the best router I have purchased to date. I originally thought I was going to have problems with weak signals and the like, but I found that it was the older hardware that I had trying to connect to it that was the problem. Some of the older technology was having a hard time staying connected if it even saw the router at all.

The router is somewhat easy to configure with the included configuration wizard on the CD. I did this using a Vista PC and did not have any problems. For the more advanced configurations, DLink provides the standard and easy to configure web-based browser access configuration screen.

What is odd is that everything I read touts using the 5Ghz range if you can, but that signal is weaker overall even with newer hardware connecting to it. It is a good 10% less. Regardless, my laptop connected easily enough and reports a full 300MB of throughput. Like I said, I did have some older DLink bridges that I was using to connect to my DGL-4300. At the exact same distance with the DIR-855, one bridge could see the router with a 15% signal and the other couldn't see it at all. I replaced those with the DAP-1522's and all is well now.

For those who want to know, this router does not support WDS which is a dissapointment if you want to use older DLink routers to bridge to this. They state in their forumns that they do not intend to add WDS later.

I work at home and need the bandwidth, so if you do as well, this is a great product and very much recommended.

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About D-Link DIR-855 Xtreme N Duo Dualband Draft 802.11n Media Router detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #1509 in Consumer Electronics
• Color: white
• Brand: D-Link
• Model: DIR-855
• Dimensions: 1.25" h x 4.75" w x 7.88" l, 4.00 pounds

Features

• With some routers, all wired and wireless traffic, including Voice over IP (VoIP), Video Streaming, Online Gaming, and Web browsing are mixed together into a single data stream
• The DIR-855 utilizes MediaBand (5GHz), which is the best technology available for wirelessly streaming multiple HD videos across your network
• Delivering best-in-class performance, network security, and coverage, the Xtreme N Duo Media Router (DIR-855) is the ideal centerpiece for your wireless network in the home or office
• Create a dualband wireless network to share high-speed Internet access with computers, game consoles, or media players from greater distances around your home or office
• Intelligent QoS technology prioritizes Internet traffic as well as wired and wireless network traffic

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Linksys WRT150N Wireless N Home Router with 4-Port Switch Mimo

Product Description

The linksys WRT150N Wireless-N Home Router lets you share a high-speed Internet connection and reach large areas of the home or office. The Home Router uses MIMO radio technology with multiple radios to create a robust signal that travels up to 3 times farther than Wireless-G. Unlike ordinary wireless networking technologies that are confused by signal reflections, MIMO actually uses these reflections to reduce dead spots in the wireless coverage area. With Wireless-N, the farther away you are, the more speed advantage you get. Delivering faster speeds at up to 9 times faster and 3 times the range of Wireless-G. Wireless-N is the next generation of wireless with advanced radio technology that increases speed with coverage & virtually eliminates dead spots.

I am pleased with the quality,and price of the router. It has expanded the wireless signal in my house and has worked flawlessly.


I've owned other linksys products before the 150N, and I have always been satisfied, that is, until i purchased this unit sometime ago. This router gave me so much trouble that it ended up being used just as a 4 port switch ; the customer service knew absolutely nothing, and just infuriated me with trivial step by step procedures that ultimately wasted my time. More annoyingly, because I had faith in linksys products, I stuck with it - just to be disappointed in linksys and myself. The router has significant software/hardware flaws, and I would only recommend it to people who want stupid antennas while they're attached by a wire to a "wireless" router! linksys sure isn't what it used to be.


Its a dream come true!! Delivery was quick. I've had a maybe 2-3 Linksys routers and i never had a problem with any of them. This one i decided to change to a custom Firmware and it works great!!
Thanks!!


This router has caused me much trouble and, as of tomorrow, it goes into the trash. I also wish to thank linksys personally for their poor technical support and for the audacity that they have in asking for money so that they could give me technical support on the product that did not work well from the outset. The cost of the tech support would be $39.99 and I can go out and purchase a new router for just a little more.
I got a different encryption key after I had to reset the model, and after this happened the router did not work with any of my other devices. The techies were pointing fingers at my pc. Enough said. Please do not purchase this and I would be wary of purchasing anything made by this company. In these troubled economic times, here yet is one more company after the dollar.


I received this from Linksys after my WRT54G and a reman replacement both failed. I must admit the tech people were very patient in helping me isolate the dropped connections to a hardware problem with the router on the two failed units. The new WRT150N worked fine and was easy to set up and got me connected to the Internet and my external network drive on the first shot, but it had a very weak wireless signal, even with the laptop right on the same desk. Since my wireless stuff is all wireless G, I tried locking it into wireless G only instead of auto, and bada bing bada boom! So the unit is now working fine, with a strong signal on all floors of the house, but I can't say how it would work on mixed mode or wireless N.


For my first experience with wi-fi to go with my new laptop, I chose a Linksys N router WRT150N from Wal-Mart for $79. Easy setup but was disappointed in the range and reliability of the signal. Even two feet away the wireless signal was not often available and I had to go with a wired connection. I even changed my cordless phones to the new DECT 6.0 technology to eliminate that potential interference but signal wasn't any better.
Frustrated, I bought a Belkin N router F5D8233-4 for $59 from Amazon. Unit arrived with a burned out front panel lamp and had a security password placed on it (supposed to come out of the box unsecured) A call to Belkin support quickly removed the password and security and Amazon exchanged the unit free of charge for one with a working panel lamp. I love this unit. The Belkin signal is always there and very reliable. Not sure range is any different but a reliable signal was my first priority and I now have it. Nicer looking than the Linksys also. Belkin was cheaper and better.



This has been one of the easiest routers to set up and work with. My issue with it is its signal output. Regardless of playing with the built in antenna (big problem for this little router--yep...not removable), I can't get signal to the other side of the house.
The house I have is an old colonial (135 yrs old)--brick and plaster, lots of doors and hallways, three floors. Access point is on one side of the house and cannot be moved. I can get the signal to travel vertically down 2 floors, but cannot get it to travel 30 feet to the front of the house on the same floor. Something to keep in mind if you are planning out your network. It may be better to have a router with removable antennae or else create relays by reconfiguring routers.
But don't get me wrong, this device does work well. Easy setup. No problems if you want to configure game traffic to specific ports and setup gaming servers. I just wish the antennae were removable so I could put a booster on.


I have been a Linksys user for several years. I had a G router with remote hi-gain antennas prior to this router. I was happy with that setup but the router was getting old and starting to act up a bit. So I decided to upgrade to this N router and N adapter for my HP notebook.

Well the old G did not act up near as much as this router does... I have to reboot this thing almost daily. It either will not connect (set IP address) or the speed is all over the board... starting out at 270 Mbps and will drop to 1 Mbps, float around 1 and 50 but never re-establish itself completely.

I have tried running it with no encryption, WPA2 personal, WEP... nothing seems to impact its reliability one way or the other. It has the latest firmware...

I am truly disgusted with the Linksys product.

Update - 10/19/08 - well once I tried many different frequencies, I finally found one that has very little interference from surrounding wireless phones, etc. The signal has become stable and I do not lose connection like I did. With that said, I am still disappointed in the range of this draft-N product (compared to what I had before) but now that the signal has stabilized, I am satisfied enough to not throw it out the window (how's that for a product satisfaction statement?).


I like this product a lot. My kids are using their DS Lites with it and enjoy having competition around the world. I have a MAC and enjoy using it. Will b adding more to my network.


I was very nervous to buy and set up this wireless router myself because of all the horror stories about routers in general and how they can be difficult to set up. Set up was a breeze! I did have a problem with my wireless connectivity but that was because my internet service provider (ISP) set up my modem wrong. After calling my ISP three times to get my internet working properly and getting no results I thought maybe linksys could help me out. I must say that the customer service was amazing! They took my call immediately and very professionally took me step by step to figure out what the problem was. Essentially they diagnosed and solved the problem and it had nothing to do with their product! Turns out my ISP hooked up both my ethernet and USB cords to my computer and the software for my ethernet wasn't properly installed. You just don't find customer service reps who diagnose and try to solve problems that don't relate to thier product specifically anymore. Since it's been up and running I've had flawless wireless connectivity and kickin back with my XBox Live and PSP. The signal reaches all over the house and givin the size of the house it's very impressive! Highly recommend this product!

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About Linksys WRT150N Wireless N Home Router with 4-Port Switch Mimo detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #8825 in Consumer Electronics
• Brand: Linksys
• Model: WRT150N
• Dimensions: 1.57" h x 6.93" w x 7.40" l, .82 pounds

Features

• Product Type - Wireless Access Pt/H
• Warranty - 1 year
• LEDs: Power, Ethernet(1~4), Internet, Wireless, Security

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Mediagate Network Multimedia Center with Full HD 1080P Wi-Fi and UPNP

Product Description

HDD 1080P HDMI WIRELESS N - MEDIA PLAYER 3.5IN

As I write this, I have to tell you I am a huge Mediagate fan. I have had the MG-25 for over 3 years and love it. It does exactly what it purports to do with little or no grief, and certainly has it's shortcomings but for the price point of the product is, in my opinion, a great value.

So after a friend's glowing review I was really looking forward to deploying the MG-800HD in my network and solving a persistent problem of getting my UPNP server content to my HDTV without file copies and the like.

I ordered this unit and a WD Caviar Green 500GB hard drive and proceeded to build it, loading the latest firmware from Mediagate in the process. There are a lot of cool features like web browsing built into the latest firmware and although I am skeptical that people are going to buy this thing to hook up a KVM and surf the web, it is nice to see they are adding functionality.

Things that worked well:
-Streaming capability from a UPNP source (painless)
-Wireless setup fast and easy, even for WPA2 network
-Good format support (as expected)
-Remote has good range and is laid out fairly well
-Lots of ways to access your content (network, USB, local HD if installed)

Things that did not work well:
-UI experience is cheap and unpolished
-Wireless transfer of files using device as a repository very flakey
-System stability issues/lockups/freezes

Unfortunately, I had several problems with NAS performance over wireless that doesn't occur with other devices I operate on my network. Random dropouts, the inability to copy even moderately-large files without hangups, and having to hard reset the system to get it to recognize the new files at times.

In the final analysis, I liked some of what was provided with this device, but needless to say, I promptly sent it back. A device this expensive needs to slam dunk all of the features and for me, my $300 was better spent elsewhere.

If you have a slingbox at home, I would highly suggest looking at the Slingcatcher instead of this device. With the latest firmware update it does almost everything this device does (sans the local hard drive) and gets it done in a much more elegant, polished way. Add to that the Sling capability and it was a slam dunk for me. You can have that plus a wireless bridge solution for ~$260.00USD.


former mg-350, and PCH A-100 owner here!!! i gots to say i have read reviews on this unit before i purchased. it is not the most perfect machine out there but it does what i need it to do. i remember ebaying my PCH A-100 and wondering what other box will play my .MKV files... AND THE mg800 DOES!!! it plays my .MKV files, .avi files, x.264!!!! and has a web browser. tho the web browser can use some work its a nice niffty feature becuase you can plug a wireless usb keyboard/mouse and surf the net :) I LOVE THIS MACHINE. one thing i wish they add is a youtube better becuase its difficult to watcch the youtube videos the way its setup. and wish it had component video input/output...but it does have hdmi.

i think the other user did not do a firmware update because i have yet to have issues yet... "knock on wood"



I was really anticipating the purchase of this product. I'd owned the MG350 and found it adequate, but ok for the technology of its time. So I was really excited to hear the next generation of this product had been released especially with the published specifications of the unit.

The product arrived, and that was about as good as it got. The Seagate (1TB) I specifically purchased to install into the unit didn't work, even though it was the preferred Hard Drive on the Amazon page, don't waste your money. Don't get me wrong the Hard Drive is fine (tested in two other PC's), it just doesn't work in this unit, apparently MediaGate forums identified power issues (however I haven't seen a published list yet of certified drives).

I upgraded firmware and whilst it eliminated existing problems it introduced a series of new problems, I removed the new Seagate Hard Drive and replaced with a smaller Seagate Hard Drive (320G) on hand, at least the excruciating click and crunching noises stopped, but the unit was still unresponsive, would work, then stop and freeze.

The unit overheats, basically the heat sink is at the top of the unit, bad idea for a consumer electronics product that sits in a lounge room, would probably be okay for the average computer geek in their dark room, but not in a common area. Its just a really bad consumer product, its still an experimental techie's toy, something you need to be able to diagnose, update firmware on, swap out drives and changes settings constantly. At best its a beta product and certainly a product that shouldn't be sold to an average consumer on Amazon.

My love of technology will allow me to persevere with the unit, I'm replacing the two Seagate Hard Drives with a new Western Digital (low power) drive, with any luck that will work and of course I will dutifully wait for another firmware release and hope the myriad of bugs get ironed out. For the average joe consumer, really only interested in switching on and using what on paper seems to be one of the best home entertainment media players on the market, a word of warning, stay away.


I visited two of my relatives and sang karaoke songs from their MediaGate MG-25 and MG-35 models, and I was so impressed with the products from MediaGate. As a result, I searched for a newer model from MediaGate for my own, and I found MediaGate MG-800HD. I purchased it, and that was a mistake. I was very disappointed with at least two major flaws that I will describe below.

First, while singing a karaoke song from an internal hard drive of the MG-800HD, I pressed the "audio" button on the remote control to switch the audio track from a "with-vocal" track to a "music-only" track, and the video stream paused for about 5 seconds then skipped/jumped, interrupting the singing. Frankly, the older models do have a little jerk during the track switching, but it is very brief (only a fraction of a second). This flaw is INTOLERABLE for karaoke singing. (Actually, I bought the player without an internal hard drive, and I played videos from my external drive. I thought that the external connection caused the slowness. So, I purchased and installed an internal hard drive, but that did not help.)

Second, when I pressed the "next" button on the remote control to skip to the next track/chapter, the player began playing arbitrarily somewhere in the middle of the song. I had no way to jump back to the exact beginning of the song, and I had to use the fast rewind to go back. You know what? Oops! It went too far to the previous chapter. It is realy anoying. This flaw applies to any videos, movies, or karaoke songs.

I downloaded and updated the firmware, and those two problems did not get fixed. By the way, the downloading experience was terrible, too. The company did not posted firmware supports for this model. I googled and found the support blog. Although a support person was nice enough to share his firmware files via his personally-paid download site, and I greatly appreciate, MediaGate's lack of such download service makes the company so unprofessional.

So, if you are looking for a player for singing karaoke music, you should hold it off until the company addresses these issues.



MG-800HD is not an improvement of the previous model (MG-450HD): it's not made by the same group, "different language spec": keep this in mind when reading it.

This unit should stay in beta test and not rush to public use as yet. Still many bugs and poor performance. I have one and regret that I purchased it too early.

It cannot play half of my media collections: hiccup on video streaming, cannot toggle audio track, no DD audio on HDMI, cannot decode dts audio codec, no 5Ghz N-draft wireless...etc.

Visit the site mediagateusa/forum before you buy one.

It's NOT for normal user just yet.

P.L

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About Mediagate Network Multimedia Center with Full HD 1080P Wi-Fi and UPNP detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #14116 in Consumer Electronics
• Brand: MediaGate
• Model: MG-800HD
• Dimensions: 9.00" h x 5.30" w x 11.50" l, 6.00 pounds

Features

• Watch Movies, View Photos, or Play Music on your Television
• Supports SATA/Serial ATA 11/3G Hard Drive up to 1TB
• 802.11N Wireless -N Connection and 10/100 LAN Ethernet Port, Backwards Compatible with 802.11g
• Able to play media files from internal hard drive or PCs in the network via included remote control
• High-End Sigma Design 8635 Chip

Read more Mediagate Network Multimedia Center with Full HD 1080P Wi-Fi and UPNP

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Linksys Wireless-B Music System WMLS11B

Product Description

The linksys Wireless-B Music System lets you bring the digital music stored on your computer to your Home Entertainment Center, without running cables through the house. Using a wireless connection, the Music System finally frees your digital music collection from those little computer speakers to play in full glory through your stereo system.The Wireless-B Music System sits by your home stereo and connects to it using standard consumer electronics cables. Then it connects to your home network by Wireless-B (802.11b) wireless networking, or if you prefer, it can be connected via standard 10/100 Ethernet cabling. Using the included remote control and the built-in LCD menus, you can browse your MP3 or WMA formatted music collection on your home PCs by title, artist, album, genre, or playlist. Or, access the Rhapsody Digital Music service (free trial included) to listen to over 450, 000 songs on demand, create custom playlists and radio stations, and burn mixed CDs on your PC. You can also tune into thousands of Internet radio stations from over 100 different countries around the world.Choose the music you want, and let the Wireless-B Music System play it through your living room stereo. Or, with its small but powerful detachable speakers, it can also act as your portable digital music "boombox". Carry the Music System around the house and have access to your entire music collection, and your favorite Internet radio stations, anywhere within range of your wireless network - the kitchen, den, even out on the patio by the pool.Let the linksys Wireless-B Music System bring digital music out into the living room for the whole family to enjoy.

Linksys Wireless-B Music System WMLS11B sold as new by HealthandU. Product arrived with damage to internal packaging. Missing CDR essential to use of device. When contacting actual manufacturer, product has been out of service and product for years Three attepts to contact HealthandU by email first at their costumer service site-- no responce. Second through Amazon-- reply and forwrded to "appropriate department for possible replacement". No responce. I replied to previous email that I had not heard from anyone after a week-- no responce. Avoid HealthandU company. Total rip off!!!



I am not of the "digital computer generation." Have an old computer. Attempted to download the cd that came with the radio. Nothing is working right. Probably my fault. But it is not like plugging in a radio and turning it on. Guess I'll keep on trying, but I hate every minute of it and IT'S JUST TOO COMPLICATED!. Just get a few old saggy stations and they have advertisments! Won't do that again. Just going to buy books from now on. The fellow who sold it to me has emailed and sent me some websites. But I am just flat tired of the whole thing.


Buy it plug it use it.
I really like it and recommend.
Also check http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/wmls11b/
They will explain how to change WMLS into a space ship.



Linksys could not have made a worse product. Terribly disappointed after much luck with their routers over the years.

Save your money, but the Grace Digital Internet Radio. MUCH better, much easier setup, worth every penny.


This product doesnt support WPA Encryption, I would have to hardwire it in to the network or downgrade my network security settings to WEP; I cant do either of those two.

As for the product itself, I liked the removable speakers and It is capable of searching the internet for live streaming media. However, the menu seems a bit ancient.


All I needed was to play 2 mp3 web stations. Once I found the URL's and loaded them into the Favorites it started playing the stations just fine. I like the fact that you can wirelessly load the URL's. I also upgraded the firmware to ver. 1.0.9 and it gave more room for favorites.


I am surprised to find out that this product was discontinued a year or 2 ago. I guess that's why I got it for about 1/3 of the original price when it first came out.

Pros:
-The sound is clear and enjoyable via wireless connection.
-Wireless reception is strong enough so I can listen to music/radio upstairs even if the wireless access point is located downstairs at the other side of the house (about 40ft. away).
-Windows Media Player can be used as the media server to stream music to the unit.

Cons:
-It was a hassle to look for the updated firmware so it could work properly.
-With the speakers attached, the unit is rather big for a radio.
-If you look at the back, there are so many wires visible even though I tried to tidy up with cable ties.
-If you want to keep your personal radio stations selections, you need to pay $30 to join. But you actually don't need that "membership" to listen to hundreds of radio stations broadcasted on the Internet.

Even though there are some cons about this unit, I still highly recommend it to a friend.


About 18 month ago, I purchased my first wireless internet radio. media player. An Acoustic Energy. I spent over two years arguing over what to buy, was it worth so much money, etc. One of the first I looked at was this Linksys Wireless Music System but at the time it cost 150 dollars. While I was arguing with myself overpurchasing this system, Acoustic Energy came out with its first wireless radio using the Reciva database.
The AE was not my first system. I did have an earlier system, a "Sonowave" that used XML based software to transmit stations to a remote boom box by means of a separate USB tranceiver that was connected to the computer and transmitted on a 900MHZ frequency. It had wonderful stereo sound, but it died in six months and was only useful for FM after that.

The Reciva system is very good and it has gotten a lot of the wrinkles out of receiving streaming internet radio.

But the 30 dollar price of this unit makes it well worth anyones while to buy it, either as a second system or a first internet radio for anyone who does not wish to spend the 300 dollars that most wifi radios now cost

As an internet radio, it works more than well enough. It does not handle Real Audio streams, but most stations also run on either MP3 and Windows Media formats as well, so this is not a big sacrifice.

Many here have complained that some of the station that are programmmed into this music system do not play, but that is rather due to its reliance on the VTuner database. Reciva established its own database for its user, and Linksys relied on an existing product. Many of the vTuner stations are dead links. Users can send updates to urls to the Vtuner site as well as request that they add stations and they are rather good about doing this. But the fact that stations do not play is not a fault of the unit, but of the web site that runs the database of stations.

On the whole I would recommend this radio as an inexpensive introduction to internet radios, a second system to those who already own one.

I am not all that interested personally in streaming my music collection from my computer. My Reciva unit does that quite well, but it is something I actually never use.

The unit is very easy to set up by anyone who has ever set up their own wireless router/dsl modem combo or a wireless modem. It is a simple matter of simply connecting the radio to your computers ethernet port and running the set up software. Updating to the latest drivers and firmware is recommended, its easy to get them both off the Linksys site.

While people state that it only runs MP3 stations, I have been able to run radio stations that use Windows Media files as well. Again, there are many that are listed on the vTuner site that are not up to date and so do not run, but those that are up to date run on this unit fine, so far.

If the station runs off of the VTUNER site on your computer, it will run on this music player. You just have to look at the VTUNER site, try to run the station from there, and then try it on your Linksys Wireless Music System. The only VTuner stations that will not run on this one seem to by those using Real Player modes.


Had trouble getting my computer to recognize this unit. Showed up on the router info, but the Linksys WMLS11B setup disk couldn't find unit. Finally figured out that I need to use the radio screen setup to tell the unit to use the ethernet cable instead of the wireless for initial setup. Didn't find this info in manual. After that, unit worked as desired.


Linksys Wireless-B Music System WMLS11B

Great internet radio
Easy to set up

TU !

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About Linksys Wireless-B Music System WMLS11B detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #24151 in Consumer Electronics
• Brand: Linksys
• Model: WMLS11B
• Dimensions: 2.00 pounds

Features

• Connects your stereo system to a Wireless-B (802.11b) network
• Supports 5.1 channel audio through optical audio connection
• Select songs, lists, and services on the built-in display with the easy-to-use remote control
• Includes high-quality detachable powered "bookshelf" speakers

Read more Linksys Wireless-B Music System WMLS11B

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Netgear MA401 802.11b Wireless PC Card

Product Description

netgear's MA401 802.11b Wireless PC Card gives you total freedom - it allows you to stay continuously connected to your Local Area Network without any wires. Roam freely throughout your office from one access point to another and continue to send and receive e-mail and use other network resources, such as files and printers, at 11 Mbps speed. Quickly and effortlessly network your employees, including those in remotely located offices in your building, minus the time and expense of Ethernet cabling. Standards-based 802.11b technology and 128-bit Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption provide your network with the highest level of reliability and privacy. Designed for PCs running Windows 95, 98, Me, NT, and 2000, the MA401 performs with a wide range of wireless Internet services available in airports and hotels, and supports the vast majority of notebook PCs.

Purchased this as my first wireless card in 2003 along with a Netgear wireless router. Was so pleased, that when 802.11g came along, I bought the similar router and card for that standard. I used this as my secondary card and it has outlasted all of my computers that needed an external wireless card. Although all of my home computers have integrated wireless now, I still keep this on hand just in case someone comes to my home that needs one to get on my network.


I bought this card specifically for its Linux compatibility. I haven't been disappointed. It has a well documented and easily fixed error with Open SuSE (10.2 and 10.3) and works out of the box with Ubuntu (7.04,7.10,8.04,8.10) and Debian (Etch). It is as fast as my wireless g cards in my other computers (so there's no slowdown on my network from it being a b card). I've gotten speeds as high as 120 kb/s, which is as fast as my DSL will go. My Dell laptop connects to my network 24/7 to run a file server using this card and I've experienced no problems. The windows 98/2k/ME/XP drivers are available from the Netgear website and the card is OK with windows, too. I noticed a little slowdown and some connection dropping, but it's not the card's fault (and it wasn't a big deal). Remember that this card is PCMCIA and may not work with many new laptops because they don't have this slot, but it is great for old laptops.


This wireless PC card does work intermittently, but is very inconsistent and slow. Do not recommend!!


product works great. but i never recieved the rebate amount. Whatever product you will buy from Netgear, you will never get the rebate amount.


This card works great and I haven't had any problems with it in spite of abusing it. However, the price seems a little high. You can buy newer models and even 802.11g cards for less.

I have used this card on 2 laptops. I used it on a work laptop that I used for travel, and then gave it to my daughter for her laptop, which she abuses. There is even a dent in the metal case. I was worried because about a quarter of the card sticks out from the laptop (for the antenna).

It came right up on both my computers, and I don't think I even needed to use the installation disc (maybe I did, I can't remember, but if I did, it was so easy that I forgot about it). Both my laptops have Windows XP.

The signal is very good. It is much better than the factory installed card that came with a Compaq computer. It is about the same as the internal card I have on an IBM laptop.

Note that with a router and this card, I am not able to get a good connection everywhere in my house. I blame that on the router and not the card. There are only so many walls 802.11 technology can penetrate. To get wireless connection to a remote bedroom, I bought a Buffalo router and repeater kit. It works great, when it works (the router had to be sent back to be fixed.)

Note that I have researched wireless networking systems, and they don't seem to be very reliable, especially wireless routers. I had both a Netgear and Buffalo wireless routers where the radio portion went out. These cards are probably more reliable.

If all you need this for is the internet, 802.11b is sufficient, because DSL or cable modems are not any faster. If you want to send video data between computers then you should go with 802.11g.


Sent to Netgear 11/12/03:<br> (The MA401 installed on my Windows 95 laptop without too much trouble a year ago. When I got a new SONY VAIO XP laptop, I tried to install the card in it.)<br> After contacting Netgear Tech Support twice and twice being connected to a non-primary english speaking staff person, my inability to install my MA401 Wireless PCM-CIA card on my new Sony VAIO XP laptop persists. The first person I "communicated" with directed me to a "personal" web page of a German for assistance. The second person that I "communicated" with told me to turn off my XP firewall but offered no instruction on how to do that, leaving me to investigate on my own how to complete that task. I did and while I have a wireless network connection now and an IP Address, I can still not connect to any resource through any browser.<br> After purchasing Netgear products for several years, my next purchases will be of another brand to see if they offer english speaking tech support staff that actually assists users.<br> Do (they) do any quality control of (their) tech support staff?


The installation was very easy on my laptop running W98SE adn took less than 5 minutes. I'm using this card with the MR814 router from NetGear. I'm getting good reception from one end of the house to the other. The signal strength drops down to the 50% range, but the connection is still at 11 Mbps.


I usually don't write reviews, but after reading other reviews, I became kind of upset and couldn't resist writing. I just can't believe those reviews who gave it high points. I bought "two" MA401 and a Netgear router 1.5 years ago. First of all, their effective range is less than 50 feet. I put my router on second floor, and I couldn't use it downstairs. The signal goes below 30%. I moved around, turn the direction, even installed RF mirror with aluminium foil, but couldn't get above 50%. At low signal strength, the speed goes down to 5.5 Mbps or 1 Mbps, but then, no data goes in/out. Is this how 802.11 supposed to work, stopping transmission at all below 11 Mbps? I had to live with barely 30% signal strength and a lot of frustration. Secondly, the netgear router is very unstable. It works flawlessly usually, then at a critical moment, it stops working. Not only wireless, but all the wired ports too. I turn it on/off, reset, cut off the cable modem, and do a lot of things in vain. Then after a few hours, it starts working again. Also it does not work very well with non-netgear cards either. My visitors can't use it wirelessly. Thirdly, the PC card is unstable. Sometimes it becomes hot and stops working. After cooling down, it becomes ok. Sometimes it fails to work when I boot up my notebook or plug in after power up. It finally stopped working entirely last week, and I am happy to be able to throw it away. I am shopping around for a new card, and that's why I came across with these reviews.


This is a great product. I recomend this product to everybody who wants to go wireless. The installation was very easy. Security setup was also easy too. This card is working great with MR814 router and my dell laptop with windows 2000. I will buy Netgear products again for my wirless needs.


Wow, nice and easy. I purchased this adaptor to go along with a Dlink 614+ Broadband Router because I couldn't get the Dlink NIC to work...hmmm. I am running Win XP Pro on a company IBM Laptop. Loading the software from the CD was a easy. HOWEVER, NOTE WITH WINXP MACHINES: After you install the software, Windows automatically selects itself to "configure the wireless connections". This needs to be unchecked within the Network Connections. As soon as that is done, configure the card with the software installed and you are on.

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About Netgear MA401 802.11b Wireless PC Card detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #17365 in Consumer Electronics
• Brand: Netgear
• Model: MA 401
• Platforms: Windows NT, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows NT 3.5, Windows NT 4, Windows NT 5, Windows Me, Windows XP, Windows 2000 Server, Windows
• Dimensions: .9 pounds
• Networking: PC Card

Features

• Wireless connectivity for notebook PCs
• High-speed 11 Mbps data rate
• Operating range up to 500 feet indoors and 1,650 feet outdoors
• Supports Windows 95, 98, Me, NT, and 2000
• 5-year limited warranty

Read more Netgear MA401 802.11b Wireless PC Card

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NETGEAR FWG114P ProSafe 802.11g Wireless VPN Firewall 4-Port 10/100 Switch with USB Server

Product Description

Includes: Ethernet cable, power adapter, resource CD, & manual. netgear FWG114P ProSafe 802.11g Wireless Router with USB Print Server - Perfect for an office environment, this router supports up to 253 users on the LAN, including up to 64 wireless users! Wireless users connect to the network via 802.11g or 802.11b protocols; and have the ability to wirelessly access files and share a single broadband Internet connection. Everyone on the network also benefits from the security of having a built-in firewall, as well as the convenience of sharing a single USB printer via the built-in USB print server. NAT Intrusion Detection - including logging, reporting, & alerts Filtering - Port, IP Packet, JAVA/URL/ActiveX Blocking, & URL Keyword Smart Wizard browser-based administration Remote management by IP Administration Address using SSL DHCP Server, WAN DHCP Client Port Range Forwarding Exposed Host (DMZ) Enable/Disable WAN Ping DNS Proxy, PPPoe login client support MAC Address Cloning NTP Support Save/Restore Configuration Files Diagnostic Tools - ping, trace route, & more Requirements - (TCP/IP Networking) Windows 95, 98, Me, NT, 2000, XP, NetWare, UNIX, Linux / (Print Server) Windows 98, Me, 2000, or XP

I got one of the early versions of this Router/access point/switch/firewall/print server. That is a lot of function for the money. It has NEVER given me problems. Mine has been on the entire 4+ years. I can remember rebooting it once in that time. Also, it has great range.

However, this is an office product not a home product, so you should know a little about firewalls, routing, DHCP, IP, etc., or you should be ready to spend a few hours educating yourself. So, this is a very versatile device.

I used support when I first set it up and they did a good job for me.

There is a very good reason why this is one of the oldest product still in production by Netgear.



I have had a lot of problems with this router. Its wireless connection is intermittent and sometimes totally freezes up, requiring the router and the DSL modem to be rebooted. Also, the wireless connection does not work with Dell laptops for some reason. As a result, I only use it now as a LAN router until I can afford something else. I have upgraded to the latest firmware and that hasn't helped. "Customer service" is Mumbai Hell; the waits are interminable and customer reps are clueless. If you want to use this as a print server, be sure to check for compatability on the website: the number of printers that are not compatible (or just have not been tested, why should they actually go through the trouble of verifying compatibility before advertising it?) is huge. It also has problems with online and LAN games. All my friends are playing Civ IV online with no problems, but my ability to connect has been very spotty (I've never been able to complete an online game). Also, with some LAN games (e.g., Dawn of War, Warcraft III) it will allow certain computers to connect to the game server and not others, without any discernable reason why. Netgear's website is spotty as well: the contact list for ISPs regarding ISP connectivity issues was last updated in 2005. If I'd known I would face these kinds of problems I never would have bought it.

I would not recommend this product even if you got it for free; the time and headaches it will cost you are probably much more than what you'll pay for a dependable wireless router/print server. Even as a simple four-port LAN firewall/router it has gaming issues. Look elsewhere, unless you are a masochist.


I use this router to serve up a wireless connection via a serial modem. Unless you need to connect to the Internet through a serial modem or need a modem as a backup connection you can save money with a cheaper router. The dial-on-demand feature works well and I've only had to reboot this router a couple of times. I get a strong signal and the router itself is in what feels like a sturdy metal case.

If you are among the 5 of us out there still using dial-up and are tired of being tied to a phone cord I recommend this router. Be sure to visit the manufacturers web site to see what serial modems are supported. Mine wasn't on the list and it still worked but I may have gotten lucky.


I am on my 3rd RMA with this device. I really love the functionality of this firewall, thus all of the RMA's. The main issue I was experiencing, was the wireless conneciton. The speed of the connection would fluctuate between 54Mbps and 1Mbps. And I would randomally get disconnected for some time until it would reconnect. I also am running the higest security settings one can run. Data encryption is WPA2-PSK. I have done some extensive research as to what could be causing this. Tech support is very poor. When you know more about their product then they do, do yourself a favor, and either demand for an RMA, or hang up and fix it yourself. Well, I got fed up and I did exactly that! I found some rumors that heat is causing the wireless issues. I cracked open the firewall and found that the broadcom IC(Wireless) was very hot at idle. When I was streaming video it got hotter. Well, that makes sense. Sad thing is that there are no heatsinks on it. I went to the store and purchased a VGA heatsink and slapped it on there. It runs much cooler, and my speed is stable. Best thing is that I don't have the disconnects as often. I generally get 1 disconnect/week. When I do experience them, I go into my site monitoring software, and I find that my firewall is still active and has a strong signal. I think it has to do with my wireless card in my laptop. It's a Dell, with the built-in WiFi. I'm sure I can drop down to WPA-PSK to help out, but I like the heightened security.


I chose this combination wireless router and USB print server because I needed both those functions and wanted to keep the equipment/wiring quantity down. However, the print server failed with our Dymo LabelWriter 400. This was unfortunate but not entirely unexpected. Printer compatibility is hit-or-miss with most of these.

I solved this problem with a separate Netgear USB Mini Print Server (Model PS121), which was reported to work by Dymo. Now we can print wirelessly to our laser and the LabelWriter.

Overall the functionality is fine. I think it compares favorably to my home network's Linksys WRT54G, though I would have simply bought another Linksys if I'd known up front that the integrated print server isn't compatible.



Netgear is absolutely the WORST tech support/customer service I have ever had the misery of encountering. It doesn't exist. So if you think you'll ever need any tech support or customer service, don't buy this product!


This is going to be my second FWG114P I'll be purchasing. Netgear has package a great device... combination Print Server/FireWall solution. I found it simple to configure and maintian... Recommend to update to the latest software rev. immediately before configuration. Once you have configured your device to your liking... remember to back up your settings!

Now the review... It has been my experience with the Netgear wireless devices will only last between 2-3 years. I previously owned a FR114W with a wireless adapter.. this was good for almost 3 years (2004). I called support and after challenging their INDIA Tech Support for days/weeks and 3 RMA's later, I finally, got a new product not a Refurbished one after complaining! I decided to go with the FWG114P keeping the FR114W as a backup. Thank goodness for that else I wouldn't be able to write this review today... Great device until just recently... Again the Wireless component after 2 years went bad...challanged INDIA Tech Support to begin the RMA Merry-go-Round... After several blind action items including, rebooting the worksation, router, disconnecting the power from the wall and ISP connection and finally flashing to the latest software revision (This must be scripted the engineers I worked with were clueless) and 2 1/2 hours later they determined the device just went bad and the RMA was finally issued.
I really like the product but don't count on the India Support and don't count on the device to last more than 2-3 years. One clue... Once you finish playing with India support and if you have gotten no where... DEMAND! "ONSHORE Level 2 support". This will get routed to California... here you stand a better chance of resolution. I did...less than 30 min. and I got the RMA. If anyone knows of another Print server/FW all-n-one device like this one please respond I would recommend a change to a more reliable device.


I have four of these products. Two are V1 and two V2. The radio power and sensitivity are better in V2. However, with V2, I have had difficulties with the serial modem dial backup working, as well as VPN passthrough using another VPN host with the Netgear serving clients. Netgear tech support has tried to be helpful, but after six weeks has not been able to solve the problems. As soon as I revert to V1, things are fine. The trouble is that V2 is the current version.


I would like to comment on a few models of printers I have tested. Unboxed off the shelf, I tested this unit's print server capability and found it incompatible with all 3 tested models:
- HP OfficeJet K60
- HP DeskJet 3650
- HP DeskJet 1220C

I then upgraded the firmware and retested the print server capability. The HP DeskJet 1220C is now supported.

FYI to new buyers, be sure to check the printer compatibility list before purchasing this product if you plan on utilizing the print server function.

[...]


Netgear makes many fine products - but this is not one of them. If you like rebooting your router at least daily because once again you cannot connect to the internet, then by all means, buy this device. If you like slow communication speeds - then it is for you.
They just don't have this thing right yet. Tried firmware upgrade and not much better.
I also suggest getting a product that is more specific to your needs. Maybe the multifunction is too much for this little guy.

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About NETGEAR FWG114P ProSafe 802.11g Wireless VPN Firewall 4-Port 10/100 Switch with USB Server detail

• Amazon Sales Rank: #25766 in Consumer Electronics
• Brand: Netgear
• Model: FWG114P
• Platform: No Operating System
• Dimensions: 2.00" h x 5.00" w x 8.00" l, 1.32 pounds

Features

• Router provides wired and 802.11g wireless network connections
• Built-in USB print server allows multiple users to share a single printer
• Business-class security includes SPI firewall and an Intrusion Detection System
• Two dedicated VPN tunnels for secure data transmission
• Device measures 7.4 x 1.25 x 4.9 inches (WxHxD)

Read more NETGEAR FWG114P ProSafe 802.11g Wireless VPN Firewall 4-Port 10/100 Switch with USB Server

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Fixed Wireless

The last of the four linking methods is actually another version of home Wi-Fi technology.With fixed wireless or point-to-point DSL, a high-frequency radio signal replaces ground cables, but the signal is focused on a line of sight between two directional antennas.

To connect in this way you will need an antenna on the roof of your house or business that measures roughly one foot high and two feet wide. From this antenna you must have an unobscured line of sight to a fixed wireless access point that is within range.

Alignment is not as critical as with satellite antennas, but it will still have to be done by a servicepeson with special test equipment. Somehow someone will have to run wires from the roof down into a central access point in your house that provides a standard RJ-45 cable link to your internal network.

You will have to distribute connectivity from there, perhaps with a hub or Wi-Fi access point. Latency is negligible, equal to wired networks, and overall performance is usually good as well, with a typical service target of 1.5 Mbps for the downstream and 128 Kbps for the upstream.

As with cable DSL, wDSL subscribers must share the capacity of a given access point, unlike Telco DSL, in which each subscriber has his or her own line back to a CO. It is possible for wireless to get slow during periods of heavy traffic, especially if the channel has been overbooked.

AT&T’s version includes voice over IP (VoIP) telephone service for $80 per month. Sprint gives you data only for prices equivalent to wired DSL. As with satellites, fixed wireless is handy for connecting businesses or communities that do not have alternatives.

Some have started as grassroots endeavors by individuals in data-starved communities who have banded together in order to set up and share connectivity to the Internet. They share the wireless pipeline to an out-of-town access point.

TCP Congestion Control Model

As an example of a network performance study, consider the TCP congestion control algorithm over a wireless link in which a host station A sends data to another host station B. Due to transmission interference and high incidence of errors in wireless communication, assume that every n th transmission from host A is lost (or corrupted).

For example, if n is 4 and A transmits sequences 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, then the transmission numbers 4 and 8 will be dropped by the data-link layer. A limits the amount of data it sends, using the TCP slow start and congestion avoidance mechanisms. However, it does not implement fast retransmit or fast recovery.

We make the following assumptions in our simulation:

1. Headers and ACKs are of size 0.
2. The round trip time (RTT), which is set by the user, is preset to 1 s.
3. The retransmission time-out is set to RTT + 0.01 s.
4. The data in each frame is 1 KB.
5. The link bandwidth is 100 KB/s.
6. There are no other losses besides the ones mentioned above (however, every n th frame is lost irrespective of whether it is the original transmission or a retransmission).
7. B sends an ACK for every frame it receives but may send cumulative ACKs for previously buffered frames.
8. B has buffer space to advertise infinite receiver window.
9. The congestion window (cwnd) at A does not increase when a duplicate ACK is received.

A “simjava” simulation toolkit is used for building the model. 4â€"5 It is based on a discrete event simulation kernel and includes facilities for representing simulation objects as animated icons on screen.

The model contains a number of entities, each of which runs in parallel in its own thread. An entity’s behavior is encoded in Java, using its body() method. Entities have access to a small number of simulation primitives that can be used effectively to schedule events, wait for events, hold the entity, and create animation and traces.

Using the model, traffic properties of wireless networks are modeled, and an error scenario using TCP congestion control mechanism is shown. The throughput for the simulated traffic was observed to be around 4.5 frames/s during the simulated time of about 4 s when cwnd = 8 and sthresh = 300.

Hunting for Hosting

Now that you understand the difference between the various sorts of hosting you can purchase, you're ready to start looking for a host for your website. There are many different places you can look for information about hosting companies and hosting plans.

Of course, you can visit Google and search for cPanel hosting to find some web hosts, but just because a host appears near the top of the search results does not mean that it will be the best host for your needs.

Finding the right host requires a good deal of research and perhaps even a bit of luck. There are so many web hosts that it is impossible to compare them all. A good general starting place is Web Hosting Talk (often referred to as WHT). This forum is one of the busiest web hosting-related sites on the Internet and it attracts many web hosts and customers.

For example, if you are looking for shared hosting, a good place to start is the shared hosting advertising area. You can also sign up for a free account and talk to others about web hosting and web hosts. If you are looking for an answer to a particular question you should always try to use the search feature first before posting, since your question may have already been answered.

If you find a web hosting with a plan that looks interesting, do a search and see what others think of that host. If you find a web host with a very cheap plan but you find that there are a lot of negative comments about it, then you might want to consider finding another host.

Another place to go if you are looking for cPanel web hosting is to cPanel Inc.'s own forum. In the Ads and Offers area there are a number of web hosts who post specials. Once you've tracked down a few hosts that offer plans you are interested in you'll want to find a site where you can compare those hosts to find the best one for your needs.

One such site is findmyhosting.com. Here you will find articles on a number of web hosting-related topics as well as an extensive database comparing many hosts and their hosting plans.

Not only can you find hosting plans based on how much you are willing to pay, but you can also search based on a wide variety of other criteria such as where the web host is located, the standard features they offer and even how well actual customers rate them.

Although most sites like this do not allow you to search based on the type of hosting control software used, if you already have a short list of possibilities, you can compare these hosts to fine-tune your selection.

Networking over Electrical Wiring

As with DSL and phone-line networking, power-line technology uses your existing AC wiring as a transport for a data carrier frequency. Power-line networks use an exclusive set of radio frequencies that won’t interfere with remote-controlled on-off switches.

The raw data rate is about 20 Mbps, but error correction and other overhead subtracts from that, leaving an actual rate of about 14 Mbps. It won’t affect your electric bill and it’s even more convenient than using phone lines, because you probably have empty electrical outlets all over your house.

The hardware typically consists of an adapter that attaches to the computer, usually through the parallel port or a USB connector, and a proprietary interface that plugs into the AC outlet. The adapter will have its own surge protection built in.You will need one adapter/interface set for each PC you intend to connect.

As with Wi-Fi, privacy is a concern with this technology. The signal can migrate through the incoming power lines to other nearby homes. It will not jump an electrical distribution transformer to the world at large, but as many as six other homes may be tied into a single distribution leg, and more than that may exist in an apartment complex.

The power-line standard, however, does include packet encryption. Power lines are even noisier than the telephone lines described and are extremely noisy under the best of circumstances. They change constantly too, as customers plug in some appliances and remove others.

Some of the devices being powered are inherently noisy by themselves, such as fluorescent lights, switching power supplies, and dimmer switches. The circuit breakers in power panels are signal sponges.

HomePlug technology deals with the hostile data environment by adapting to changing conditions, pushing high throughput on some channels, and slowing down on others to plow through noise. Also, it uses thorough error detection and automatic repeat requests (ARQs) to ensure that the line appears reliable to the driving software.

The HomePlug specification uses the same Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) that is used in the newer 802.11a Wi-Fi networking standard. Basically, the HomePlug specification works by sending most of the data on the clearest of 84 channels (between 4.3 to 20.9 MHz), dynamically shifting data to alternates if some of them become swamped with noise.

The data signal has no effect on your home’s electricity, which is immensely more powerful. The age of the wiring in a house does not appear to be a factor. The software will automatically detect your plugged-in nodes.

Adapters are available to provide printer sharing, and routers are available for interfacing multiple home PCs to a single Internet link. Many adapters have AC sockets built in, so that you won’t lose a place to plug in a desk lamp when you plug in an adapter. Depending on the brand, the resulting networks can be client/server or peer to peer.

The advantages for using your power lines for networking are as follows:

• You already have multiple AC outlets in every room.
• It won’t interfere with other home networking technologies.
• It’s cheap.
• It works the world over, even on older wiring.
• It’s easy to install.
• It’s easy to add more nodes.

Before you buy it, make certain that it has been tested as conforming to the specifications of the HomePlug Powerline Alliance. As with the Wi-Fi Alliance and the HomePNA organizations, the Powerline Alliance conducts tests to guarantee interoperability between manufacturers.

Gateway Deployment Strategies

At the basic network level, gateways are viewed as servers or end-systems. But gateways create their own overlay networks and may be involved in ISO level 2 and level 3 routing. The use of gateways can greatly complicate problems of network management.

Their deployment should be carefully considered within a comprehensive network coverage and security strategy. The main reason for using a wireless security gateway is that intruders may gain access through an insecure wireless access point and mount an attack on the internal network.

As indicated earlier, 802.11b, Bluetooth, and WAP are all potentially insecure. Access points with stronger security are possible using Cisco or 802.1x protocols. Typically, a large site or campus, will need many access points for good coverage.

The cost of numerous high-end access points and the problem of managing them, especially when they are not all from the same vendor, is a major concern. A common strategy is to use simple (“thin”) access points and put one or more security gateways between all wireless access points and the wired network.

Then, even if anyone can establish a connection to an access point, they will be challenged at the gateway. The gateway might use IPSec, VPN, or LDAP encryption and authentication. Cisco also has LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) which they are pushing as PEAP (Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol) for a standard.

There are several products that include SSL VPNs and gateways [Ave04]. Several strategies are available to ensure that access points connect only to a gateway. Access points could be physically wired on a separate subnet, where gateways provide the only bridge to the main wired network.

Over a large area, the need to maintain two wired networks, one for access points, may be impractical. Multiple smaller networks can be used, each with its own gateway. Multiple gateways can share a common, central management tool â€" like CA or HP OpenView.

They may also be arranged in master/slave relationships, i.e., for configuration and fail-over. Another alternative is to use access points that VPN tunnel to a single gateway, using the regular wired network as the transport medium. Gateways can grant different users different levels of trust.

The easiest way to set this up is to differentiate users by their IP address, and grant different levels of service (i.e., bandwidth) and different kinds of access (i.e., specific protocols like FTP [File Transfer Protocol] and HTTP, and specific destination hosts) using ISO level 2 (IP address) and level 3 (protocol type) filtering.

Access classes can be grouped by role, and identified by predefined ranges of IP addresses. By grouping IP addresses, the IP address can also be used to distinguish between wired and wireless clients, e.g., to deliver content appropriate to small or large screens, or to put a WAP service behind the gateway or firewall.

Other parameters, such as signal strength will be harder to expose. Basing access privilege on statically assigned IP addresses makes systems difficult to manage and upgrade. Imagine having to change thousands of statically assigned IP addresses to accommodate a new access policy.

A better approach uses DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) and MAC addresses. The DHCP servers are configured with fixed MAC to IP address mappings which are much easier to maintain and can be upgraded as needed.

The dynamically assigned IP address serves as a kind of token to gain specific levels of access. To hide these IP addresses from snoops, use one of the newer (or evolving) standards for level 2 encryption in the client and access point (i.e., Tunneled Transport Layer Security).

Anypoint Wireless II Network

Product Description

Intel anypoint Wireless II Network allows you to connect up to 10 separate computers (wirelessly) to one main desktop computer to establish a home or office network.

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About Anypoint Wireless II Network detail

• Brand: Intel
• Model: AP310

Features

• 802.11b Wi-Fi Certified
• 11 Mbps USB
• Connect Up to 10 PC in your network
• Indoor Range : Up to 300 feet
• Share Internet Access w/ your other PC's

Read more Anypoint Wireless II Network

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Into the Fast Lane

Although a home wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) network can easily interconnect home-based PCs, the main attraction of having a PC is the wealth of information just a few clicks away on the Internet.

News, weather, sports, email, research, long-distance gaming, businessâ€"these are only a few of the reasons to want your home net to be an extension of the World Wide Web. After a high-capacity broadband line is completed to your home, you may distribute data from it to several PCs.

According to researchers at the Pew Internet and American Life Project, users who forsake slow telephone modems for broadband access:

• Create more content for other web users. On a typical day, 16 percent of broadband users update their web site or post to web diaries or chat rooms, for example. Only 3 percent of dial-up users create content on the average day.
• Learn more. Eighty-six percent of broadband users say that the Internet has improved their ability to learn new things, as compared with 73 percent of dial-up users.
• Go online more often than dial-up users. Eighty-two percent of broadband users are online on a given day, compared to 58 percent of dial-up users.
• Shop online. Thirty-one percent of broadband users say the Internet has reduced the amount of time they spend shopping in stores.
• Work from home. One-third of broadband users telecommute occasionally. Fifty-eight percent of broadband users who telecommute say they spend more time working at home because of the Internet.
• Surf more. On a typical day, a broadband user does about seven online activities (such as news, healthcare, or hobby surfing). By contrast, dial-up users do three Internet activities on the average day.
• Use the Internet to study. When asked about their most recent major school report, 71 percent of teenagers with Internet access said they relied upon Internet sources the most in completing the project. That compares to 24 percent who said they relied on library sources the most (according to Pew Internet Project’s Broadband report).

DSL, from whatever source, is billed at a fixed price monthly, most often without regard to actual usage. Exceptions occur, which we will explain later, but usually your bill will be the same whether you just pick up your email or “surf ‘till you drop.”

After you have your broadband line, you can use it any time night or day, and see any or all parts of the Internet. You won’t have to log on because even if your ISP requires a username and password, they will be supplied automatically. No modern business would expect their employees to function effectively without Internet access.

Naturally, those of us who work from home can be more productive with a dedicated wide area network (WAN) line. It follows that homeowners and apartment dwellers can benefit from the knowledge and communication available on the Web as well. Broadband is more widely available to residential users and less expensive than ever before.

Presently, four methods are available for bringing the Internet to your doorstep. Your choice will depend first on their availability and then, if you have more than one choice, on price:

• Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), which uses a highfrequency signal impressed onto your telephone line
• Cable DSL, riding unused channel space on your cable TV line
• Satellite DSL, which uses the same link as satellite TV, only bidirectionally
• Wireless DSL (wDSL), which is long-distance Wi-Fi

All the previous methods have some characteristics in common, and regardless of the media used to transport it, DSL is sometimes referred to as ADSL.

Web Hosting Types

There are several different kinds of web hosting options, and it is important to understand the difference between them before you begin looking for a host. The most common type of web hosting (and generally the cheapest) is Shared Hosting. Shared Hosting means that there are many websites hosted on a single web server.

A web server is a special computer that handles storing and displaying websites. For most people who are looking to host a website for the first time or those who are concerned about the cost, shared hosting is the best choice. Since many websites are served from a single machine, the costs are generally lower than other hosting options.

Costs vary from 0 to 40 USD per month on average. However, shared hosting does have some drawbacks. The more sites a web server hosts, the more likely it is that your website may react sluggishly, since there are many demands on the web server.

If you decide to purchase a shared web hosting account, you should ask your host what kind of hardware they host accounts on. Faster machines with more RAM are preferable. For example, a Dual Xeon CPU server with 2 GB of RAM will generally perform better than an old single Celeron CPU server with 512 MB of RAM.

Just as important as knowing the server hardware, is getting a sense of how many shared hosting accounts your host will put on a server before considering it fullâ€"the fewer, the better. The next type of web hosting is often referred to as Reseller Hosting.

This is similar to shared hosting, except that you are allowed to resell shared hosting accounts to others. Reseller hosting allows you to start your own web hosting business. The average cost of a reseller hosting plan tends to fall between 20 and 60 USD a month.

For those people who want to start a web hosting business but who do not have money for a VPS or dedicated server, reseller hosting is a good choice. The drawback is that like shared hosting, there may be many reseller hosting accounts on a server, each with many resold accounts.

Knowing more about what kind of web server you will be hosted on is important. On servers that contain resellers, the actual number of shared hosting accounts may vary widely, depending on how many accounts each reseller has. Many hosts do not require that you actually resell accounts if you buy a reseller plan.

If so, then it is a good step-up from standard shared hosting since you can typically host many domains under a single reseller account with no extra fees involved. In addition, you get more control over the domains you manage in a reseller plan.

Some hosts will also offer VPS/VDS hosting and perhaps even Dedicated Servers. VPS (Virtual Private Server) and VDS (Virtual Dedicated Server) hosting are different names for the same type of hosting accounts. Such accounts use special software to take a single physical web server and divide it into two or more separate virtual web servers.

Each virtual server acts as if it is a completely separate machine. Each virtual machine gets a guaranteed amount of the physical server resources including use of the CPU and disk space. VPS/VDS accounts have many of the advantages of dedicated servers without the higher cost.

A VPS/VDS account may cost from 30 to 120 USD a month on average. If you purchase a dedicated server, you receive an entire web server with no other accounts on it. Most of the time dedicated servers also permit you system administrator access (which allows you complete control over the server). Dedicated servers on average cost between 100 and 500 USD a month.